高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2017-10-19 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版

詞法

第1章 主謂一致

一.概念:

主謂一致是指:

1) 語(yǔ)法形式上要一致,即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語(yǔ)要一致。

2) 意義上要一致,即主語(yǔ)意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。

3) 就近原則,即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ),

   一般來(lái)說(shuō),不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。例如:

  There is much water in the thermos.

   但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:

  Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講

1.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù),例如:

  Reading and writing are very important. 讀寫很重要。

  注意:當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由and連結(jié)時(shí),如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。例如:

  The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 鋼鐵工業(yè)對(duì)我們的生活有重要意義。

典型例題

  The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.

A. is  B. was  C. are  D. were

答案B. 注: 先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí),先排除A.,C。本題易誤選D,因?yàn)門he League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個(gè)人,但仔細(xì)辨別,monitor 前沒(méi)有the,在英語(yǔ)中,當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語(yǔ)為一個(gè)人,所以應(yīng)選B。

2. 主謂一致中的靠近原則

1)當(dāng)there be 句型的主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。例如:

 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書。

 There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十個(gè)男孩,二十三個(gè)女孩。

2)當(dāng)either… or… 與neither… nor,連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo),而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。例如:

 Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。

 Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 給你筆、信封和紙。

3.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致

當(dāng)主語(yǔ)有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞組成的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)部分一致。例如:

  The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教師和一些學(xué)生在參觀工廠。

  He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去劃船。

4. 謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)的情況

1)代詞each以及由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),或主語(yǔ)中含有each, every時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)需用單數(shù)。例如:

  Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我們每人都有錄音機(jī)。

  There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表壞了。

2)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是一本書或一條格言時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例如:

  The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜譚》是英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者熟悉的一本書。

 3)表示金錢,時(shí)間,價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。例如:

  Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三個(gè)星期來(lái)做準(zhǔn)備。

  Ten yuan is enough. 十元夠了。

5.指代意義決定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)

1)代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例如:

All is right. 一切順利。

All are present. 人都到齊了。

2)集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的意思來(lái)決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員,用單數(shù)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)該集體的整體。例如:

   His family isn't very large. 他家成員不多。

   His family are music lovers. 他家個(gè)個(gè)都是音樂(lè)愛(ài)好者。

  但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:

   Are there any police around? 附近有警察嗎?

3)有些名詞,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時(shí)看作單數(shù),有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。例如:

  A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

  The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

  A number of books have lent out.

  The majority of the students like English.

6.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致的情況

1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如:

  Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的錢化在書上了。

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分學(xué)生積極參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。

2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如: A series of accidents has been reported. 媒體報(bào)道了一連串的事故。

A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 爐邊有一堆木柴。

3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than… of 作主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例如:

  Many a person has read the novel. 許多人讀過(guò)這本書。

  More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生來(lái)自這個(gè)城市。

三.鞏固練習(xí)

( ) 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.

A. were, was B. was, was

C. was, were D. were, were

( ) 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.

A. is playing B. have played

C. are playing D. play

( ) 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.

A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are

C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are

( ) 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.

A. seem B. seems

C. seemed D. are seemed

( ) 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.

A. has B. have

C. is having D. are having’

( ) 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.

A. is B. are C. were D. be

( )7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.

A. are B. is C. has been D. have been

( )8. When ______ the United Nations founded?

A. is B. are C. was D. were

( )9. Every possible means _____ .

A. has tried B. has been tried

C. was tried D. were tried

( ) 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.

A. was B. were C. has D. have

( )11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.

A. are B. must C. have been D. is

( )12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It’s a pity.

A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have

C. but my friends has D. but I have

( )13. No teacher and no student ______.

A. are admitted B. is admitted

C. are admitting D. is admitting

( )14. All but one ______ here just now.

A. is B. was C. has been D. were

( )15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.

A. is not decided B. are not decided

C. has not decided D. have not decided

( ) 16. The writer and singer ______ here.

A. is B. are C. were D. do

( ) 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.

A. are B. was C. is D. were

( ) 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.

A. is B. are

C. was D. were

( ) 19. -- ____ your clothes?

--No, mine _____ hanging over there.

A. Is it, is B. Are these, are

C. Is it, are D. Are these, is

( ) 20. The Smith’s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old houses.

A. were, were B. was, was

C. were, was D. was, were

( ) 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.

A. are, are B. is, is

C. are, is D. is, are

( ) 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.

A. is B. are

C. have been D. has been

( ) 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.

A. Each, are B. Both, is

C. Neither, are D. None, is

( ) 24. -- What do you think of the ______ of the coat?

-- It’s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.

A. value B. cost C. price D. use

( ) 25. -- Are the two answers correct?

-- No, ______ correct.

A. no one is B. both are not

C. neither is D. either is not

( ) 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.

A. have been B. was

C. / D/ are

四.答案

1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B

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