課題：動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)
The -ing form as the Subject and Object
課型：新授課（語(yǔ)法）
【學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)】
1.認(rèn)知目標(biāo)：
了解動(dòng)詞-ing形式做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在具體語(yǔ)境中的應(yīng)用。
2.能力目標(biāo)：
（1）運(yùn)用歸納或演繹等方法分析動(dòng)詞-ing形式做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的用法。
（2）學(xué)會(huì)在具體語(yǔ)境中使用動(dòng)詞-ing形式做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。
【學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)】
（1）動(dòng)詞-ing形式做主語(yǔ)
（2）動(dòng)詞-ing形式做賓語(yǔ)
(3) 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定形式
(4) 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
【學(xué)習(xí)難點(diǎn)】
（1）動(dòng)詞-ing形式做主語(yǔ) （2）動(dòng)詞-ing形式做賓語(yǔ)
【學(xué)法指導(dǎo)】
運(yùn)用歸納、演繹等方法分析主謂一致的用法。通過對(duì)學(xué)、群學(xué)、小組討論合作等形式分析和解決問題。通過小組學(xué)習(xí)競(jìng)賽、積分，提高學(xué)習(xí)趣味性。
I 自主學(xué)習(xí)
Lead-in 語(yǔ)法導(dǎo)入
主謂一致是指英語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須在人稱和數(shù)上與主語(yǔ)保持一致。
主謂一致一般都遵循以下三個(gè)原則：語(yǔ)法一致、意義一致、和就近一致。
1.語(yǔ)法一致是指句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法形式上一致，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式依主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)。
例句： I often help him and he often helps me. 我經(jīng)常幫助他，他也經(jīng)常幫助我。
2.意義一致是指不依語(yǔ)法形式而側(cè)重于根據(jù)實(shí)際意義處理主謂關(guān)系，根據(jù)主語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的實(shí)際含義確定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。主語(yǔ)意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；主語(yǔ)意義為單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
例句：①The police are searching for a thief. 警察正在搜尋一名賊。
②The cattle are eating grass on the hill. 牛兒正在山上吃草。
3.就近一致是指當(dāng)主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞依據(jù)靠近它的主語(yǔ)確定其人稱和數(shù)的形式。
例句：①Either you or he is wrong.要么是你錯(cuò)，要么是他錯(cuò)。
②Neither he nor you are required to overwork.你和他都不用加班。
II．合作探究及展示
主謂一致的具體用法：
一． 集合名詞作主語(yǔ)
1）表示整體概念，強(qiáng)調(diào)一致性，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，表示個(gè)體概念，強(qiáng)調(diào)每一個(gè)成員，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
常見的集合名詞有：family, group, class, grade, team, army, nation, crowd, population, company, government, committee等。例如：
①他們?nèi)乙獬觥?(表示整體概念，強(qiáng)調(diào)一致性，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)）
His family （be) going out.
②他們?nèi)胰硕际且魳窅酆谜摺＃ū硎緜�(gè)體概念，強(qiáng)調(diào)每一個(gè)成員）
His family (be) all music lovers.
2）有些有生命的集合名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)。常見的這類集合名詞有：people，police，cattle等。例如：
Chinese people (be) very friendly. 中國(guó)人很友好。
The cattle (be) eating grass on the hill. 那頭牛正在田地里吃草
二． 表示成雙成套的名詞，如trousers, shoes, glasses, socks, stockings, scissors單獨(dú)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，但當(dāng)它們和a pair of 或pairs of 連用時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與pair 的數(shù)保持一致。例如：
The pair of glasses （fit）you well. 你戴這副眼睛很適合。
Several pairs of new shoes have been sent to the old men.已經(jīng)給這位老人寄去好幾雙新鞋了。
三． 不定代詞做主語(yǔ)
（1）不定代詞anyone, somebody, something, no one, nobody, each, the other等做做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：
①Someone wants to see you. 有人想見你。
②Nobody (know) the answer. 沒有人知道答案。
（2）不定代詞none和neither既可表單數(shù)也可表復(fù)數(shù)。其單復(fù)數(shù)含義要根據(jù)說(shuō)話人的意思決定。例如：
None of them have/has a computer. 他們都沒有電腦/他們沒有一個(gè)人有電腦。
Neither of them know/knows the reason. 他們倆全都不知道答案/他們兩個(gè)誰(shuí)也不知道答案。
（3）all 修飾不可數(shù)名詞表示單數(shù)概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果all修飾的是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
All of the water (be) polluted.所有的水都被污染了。（all 修飾不可數(shù)名詞表示單數(shù)概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
All of the apples ____（be) rotten. 所有的蘋果都爛了。(all修飾的是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù))
All of the apple ____ (be) rotten. 整個(gè)蘋果都爛了。 (all表示整個(gè)或整體的含義時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)）
（4）不定代詞 each，every, no所修飾的名詞及each....and each, every....and every, no....and no. many a... and many a...結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞任然用單數(shù)形式。例如：
Every man and every woman is at work. 所有人都在工作
Many a desk and many a beach （be) be taken out of the hall. 許多課桌和凳子將被搬出大廳。
四．由either....or, neither...nor, not...but或not only...but also連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用“就近一致”原則。例如：
1）Either Tom or I （be）going there. 要么是湯姆去要么是我去。
2）Not the students but the teacher is about to visit the place.不是學(xué)生而是老師將去參觀這個(gè)地方。
五．在there be句型中，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)或多個(gè)名詞（短語(yǔ)）并列時(shí)，be的形式通常跟與之靠近的一個(gè)名詞（短語(yǔ)）保持一致，即使用“就近一致”原則。例如：
房間里有一張桌子和四把椅子。There （be)a desk and four chairs in the room.
房間里有四把椅子和一張桌子。There (be ) four chairs and a desk in the room.
六．其他情況
（1）主語(yǔ)后有 as well as , with, rather than, but, like, except, besides, including等詞或短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式不受這些短語(yǔ)的影響。例如：
①Your father as well as you is very kind to me. 不僅你而且你的父親對(duì)我都很好。
②A lot of citizens as well as the major (have)come to greet us.不僅許多的市民而且市長(zhǎng)也來(lái)迎接我們。
（2）many a 和more than one 后加單數(shù)名詞表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：
①M(fèi)any a soldiers was killed in the battle.
②More than one students (like) playing badminton.
（3）表示單一概念的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：
①Smoking is bad for your health.吸煙有害你的健康。
②To see (be) to believe.眼見為實(shí)。
*注意：what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式，但如果從句后面的表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
What the students need most is diligence.
What the poor students need (be) foods and books.
(4)表示總量或總和的時(shí)間、距離、金錢、重量等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：
One hundred kilograms (be) too heavy.100公斤太重了。
Twenty years is a long time.二十年是很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。
（5）分?jǐn)?shù)，百分?jǐn)?shù)或half of /part of / the rest of + n./ pron.主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由后面的n/pron 決定，然而 one of + n/pron做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：
Three quarters（Three-fourths) of the surface of the earth is sea. 地球表面的四分之三是海洋。
Eighty percent of the workers here (be) women.這里80%的工作者是女性。
（6）定語(yǔ)從句中，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)的數(shù)和先行詞保持一致。例如：
Tom, who is your friend, should help you.你的朋友湯姆應(yīng)該幫你。
Those who (enjoy) singing may join us.凡是喜歡唱歌的人都可以加入我們中來(lái)。
（7）并列結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)表示整體概念時(shí)，指的是同一個(gè)人、同一件事或同一個(gè)概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。常見的并列結(jié)構(gòu)表示整體的概念的有：butter and bread（黃有面包）， a watch and a chain(一塊帶鏈的表）、a cart and horse(馬車）、a knife and fork(一副刀叉）、the writer and poet(作家兼詩(shī)人）。例如：
The cart and horse （be) coming. 馬車來(lái)了。
III.當(dāng)堂檢測(cè)
1．填出正確的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式
1)The public (be) the best judge because always (express) their thoughts correctly.
2) None of the books (be) easy enough for us.
3) Ten dollars (be ) what he wanted most at that moment.
4) The rich (be) not always happy.
5) Nine plus three (make) twelve.
2.單項(xiàng)選擇：
(1) _____ of the land in that district ____ covered with trees and grass.
A.Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are
(2)E-mail, as well as telephone, _________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. Play
(3) He is the only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
(4)All but one _______ here just now. A. is B. was C. has been D. were
(5)The teacher together with the students discussing Reading Skills that newly published in America.
A.are; were B.is ; were C.are; was D.is; was.
(6) The population of the city not large, but one- third of the population hight-educated citizens.
A. is; is B.are; are C.is; are D.are, is
(7) Most of what has been said about the Smiths also true of the Johnsons.
A. are B.is C. being D. to be
(8) When and where to build the new factory _________ yet.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided
(9) A group of _____ are eating _____ and ______ at the foot of the hill. (NMET'95)
A. sheep; grass; leaves B. sheeps; grasses; leaves
C. sheep; grass; leaf D. sheeps; grass; leafs
(10) As a result of destroying the forests, a large _____ of desert _____ covered the land.
A. number; has B. quantity; has C. number; have D. quantity; have
(11) All that can be eaten eaten up.
A.have been B.had been C. has been D are being
(12) Half of the material away.
A.has been taken B. Are taken C.have been taken D.were taken
(13) What caused the accident and who was responsible for it a mystery for us.
A. Has been remained B.have been remained C.remain D. Remains
(14) Many a man seen the wonderful film. Many men seen the wonderful film.
A. has; has B. has; have C. have; has D. have; have
(15) A woman with two children coming up to us. Mary, along with her parents move to Paris. A. is, has B. is, have C. are, have D are, has
I