定語從句的學習難點
所謂定語從句（THE ATTRABUTIVE CLAUSE）是指在主從復合句中修飾主句中的名詞或代詞的從句。定語從句在中學英語學習中是比較復雜卻又是運用的比較廣泛的一種從句形式,是歷屆高考英語必考的熱點之一，也是參加高考的考生通常感到較難掌握的語言知識之一。而正確理解定語從句不僅在單項選擇，而且在完形填空、閱讀理解、短文改錯以及書面表達中都非常重要，因為定語從句的掌握好壞直接影響到考生們對于復雜的符合句的理解能力。同學們務必認真分析歷屆高考中有關定語從句的語言難點、要點分布及命題軌跡，結合平時自己的薄弱環節及容易產生理解誤區的內容進行歸納總結，特別需要注意以下起六個方面的學習難點：
一。選用關系代詞還是關系副詞？
關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇是定語從句的學習重點和難點。在定語從句中關系代詞與關系副詞都代替先行詞在從句中充當一定的成分。如果該從句缺少主語、表語、賓語或定語，須用關系代詞who,whom,whose,which,that等來引導定語從句；如果從句缺少狀語時， 就得選用關系副詞when,where,why等來引導包含定語從句的主從復合句。切記：務必根據先行詞在定語從句中所從當的成分及從句的句子結構或功能來選擇相應的關系代詞或關系副詞。試比較：
（1）I still remember the days which we spent in London.（注：先行詞days在從句中充當spent的賓語。）
（2）I still remember the days when we studied in London..(注：先行詞days 在從句中充當時間狀語。)
（3）I still remember the days in which we studied in the same class.(注：先行詞days在從句中充當前置介詞in的賓語。)
二．何時須用that引導何時不能用引導定語從句呢？
1、that在限制性定語從句中既可指人又可指物，既可以作主語、賓語又可以作表語。在下列情況下須用that引導定語從句。
1）當先行詞是指物的不定代詞，如:all,much,little,everything,nothing,anything,one等時；但something作先行詞時，也可以用which引導定語從句。例如：
（4）That’s all that I know and I have nothing that I can tell you.
（5）There is still something which/that I can’t tell you at present.
2）指物的先行詞被不定代詞all,much,few,little,every,each,some,no或被the only,the very,the same等限定詞所修飾時。例如：
（6）This is the only book that I really need.
3）先行詞既指人又指物時。例如：
（7）My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and people that they could remember.
4）先行詞在定語從句中作表語時。例如：
（8）China is no longer the one that it used to be.
5）指物的先行詞被形容詞的最高級或序數詞所修飾時。例如：
（9）The first book that I read in English is Dickens’ novel.
6)、當主句是以Who或Which引導的特殊疑問句時。例如：
（10）Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday?
2、在以下的情況下定語從句卻不能用that引導定語從句：
1）先行詞在定語從句中充當前置介詞的賓語時，不能用that；指人時只能用whom 引導從句，指物時只能用which引導從句。例如：
（11）The man about whom you are talking is our headmaster.
2）在非限制性定語從句中。例如：
（12）It was in the street last Sunday that I met a friend, who had just come from New York.
3）先行詞為someone, anyone, everyone, anybody, somebody, nobody , these ,those等指人的不定代詞時。例如：
（13）Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
4）that充當主句的先行詞時。例如：
（14）I don’t like this magazine, and I like that which you sent me the day before yesterday.
溫馨提醒：當way作先行瓷時， 定語從句常用in which，that引導定語從句或或省略關系代詞。例如：
(15)I don’t like the way (in which/ that) you spoke to your mother.
四．“介詞+關系代詞”結構中介詞的選用原則
1、前置介詞的選擇應根據定語從句中動詞詞組或搭配的需要。例如：
（16）The book in which you are interested was sent by my uncle.( be interested in系固定動詞詞組。)
2、 前置介詞的選擇應于主句中先行詞與介詞的固定搭配相關。例如：
（17）I don’t like the way in which you speak to her.(1993年上海高考題,in …way系固定的搭配。)
五、as/which指代主句整體，引導非限制性定語從句的區別
1、位置的區別：as引導的非限制性定語從句的位置比較靈活，既可以前插到主句之前，也可放在主句之后，甚至可以插入主句之中；而which引導的非限制性定語從句位置死板，只能跟在主句之后。試對比：
（18）.As we all know, Taiwan is part of China.
（19）.Taiwan ,as we all know,is part of China。
（20）Taiwan is part of China,as we all know.
（21）.Taiwan is part of China, which is taught at schools.
2、詞義及與主句的聯系上的區別：as引導的非限制性定語從句與主句之間關系密切，as 本身意含“正如”或“就像”之意。而which引導的非限制性定語從句與主句之間在邏輯意義上近似于并列關系，which本身表示“這”或“這一點”的意思。此外，as習慣上常于表示感知的動詞或形容詞（describe，do，tell，expect，point out，see，know，known；well-known，seen，understood）等連用。 例如：
(22)To shut your eyes to facts，as many of you do，is foolish．；
（23）.Light travels faster than sound, which was taught by our physics teacher.
（24）.Light travels faster than sound, as the teacher once pointed out.
3、當指物的先行詞前已經被the same，such等表示同類的限定詞所修飾時，定語從句常用as引導。例如：
（25）I won’t want such/the same coat as you you’ve got。
特別提醒：非限制性定語從句具有以下三大特點：1）不能用that引導從句； 2、關系代詞或關系副詞不能省略；3）只能用關系代詞或關系副詞引導非限制性定語從句。
六．定語從句的主謂一致性原則和時態一致性原則
1、關系代詞在定語從句中充當主語時，從句的謂語應于先行詞保持人稱與數的一致。例如：
（26）Kate is one of the girls who are able to sing and dance well.
（27）Kate is the only one of the girls who is able to sing and dance excellently.
2、定語從句中從句動詞時態應與主句的動詞時態保持一致，或都以現在為基點，或都以過去為基點。但是，大家要視具體的語境而定，主句與從句的動詞時態基點有時也可以不同。例如：
（28）Where is the girl who offered me a lot of help just now,sir?
七、保持主句完整性并避免從句成分重疊性的原則
1、定語從句中不管出現任何情況，都必須保持主句句子結構的完整性。即主句必須具備主語和謂語，而且不可缺一。否則，整個主從復合句也就無法成立。試比較：
（29）.Is this factory______ we visited last year?
（30）.Is this the factory ______ we visited last year?
A.,which B.what C.where D.the one
分析：1）。第一題的主句缺少表語，只有D項才能保證主句的完整性，而其他選項均為干擾項。
2）。第二題的正確選項為 A項,因為先行詞在從句中作賓語。
2、在定語從句中關系代詞或關系副詞已經代替先行詞在從句中獨立地或與相應的介詞充當一定的成分。因此，定語從句中就不能出現與關系代詞或關系副詞相重疊的成分。例如：
（31）改錯：Excuse me, is this the train that we should take it,madame?
分析：該題中that已經代替先行詞train在定語從句中充當及物動詞take的賓語，故與其重疊的成分須去除。
愿本文能對同學們學好定語從句起到拋磚引玉的作用！
如果同學們希望進一步鞏固和提高自己對于定語從句的運用能力， 請同學們自覺完成以下精選的配套鞏固練習：
定語從句配套練習：
Ⅰ.選擇題(40×2)
1.I've read all the books you offered me.
A.which B.them C.what D.that
2.There isn't much I can do for you.
A.what B.which C.that D.how
3.She keeps a record of everything she had seen there.
A.he B.that C.which D.what
4.Please tell us about the people and the places are different from ours.
A.that B.who C.which D.whom
5.Mr Smith said that Wenzhou was the first city he had visited in China.
A.that B.where C.which D.what
6.The TV play I watched last night is the best one I have watched this month.
A.which B.what C.whose D.that
7.Last Sunday they reached Qingdao, a conference was to be held.
A.which B.that C.when D.where
8.Is this the museum you visited the other day?
A.that B.where C.in which D.the one
9.I began to work in Beijing in the year New China was founded.
A.when B.that C.which D.where
10.This is the very film I've long wished to see.
A.which B.that C.who D.whom
11.There is no difficulty can't be overcome in the world.
A.that B.which C.who D.what
12.Who is the person is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower?
A.who B.that C.which D.whom
13.This was the supermarket I bought this kind of tin.
A.where B.that C.who D.which
14.The house the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.
A.that B.where C.what D.when
15.This is the last time I shall come here to help you.
A.that B.which C.when D.what
16.The house we live is not big.
A.in that B.which C.in which D.that
17.My neighburs used to give me a hand in time of trouble, was very kind of them.
A.who B.that C.which D.whom
18.All glitters is not gold.
A.that B.which C.／ D.what
19.I now know why Mao impresses everyone who meets him the way he does.
A.which B.what C.／ D.now
20.Beijing, is the capital of China,is a beautiful city.
A.that B.it C.which D.／
21.She was no longer the woman she was.
A.that B.which C.what D.who
22.That's the hotel last year.
A.which we stayed B.at that we stayed
C.Where we stayed at D.where we stayed
23.The doctor did all to save the wounded boy.
A.what he could B.he could
C.everything which he could D.for which he could do
24.Anyone this opinion may speak out.
A.that againsts B.that against
C.who is against D.who are against
25.The place you are standing used to be an old church.
A.which B.where C.that D.when
26.You've made the same mistake you made last time.
A.as B.like C.which D.that
27.It is not such an interesting magazine I thought.
A.as B.that C.which D.／
28. you know,he is a famous musician.
A.As B.which C.That D.／
29.Mr Zhou, native language was Chinese,could read and write several foreign languages.
A.whose B.his C.which D.that
30.Do you know the actor you saw playing Hamlet is now doing King Lear?
A.who B.whom C.whose D.which
31.I took my friend to the Summer Palace, we had some photos taken.
A.where B.which C.that D.／
32.Do you remember the day your sister was graduated as a Master of Arts?
A.which B.on which C.about which D.／
33.The bus, was already full,was surrounded by an angry crowd.
A.which of most B.most of which
C.which of the most D.most of that
34.We all remember the days we studied together at school.
A.which B.that C.when D.／
35.Do you know the reason he didn't come?
A.that B.which C.for D.why
36.I showed the doctor the place I felt the pain.
A.that B.which C.where D.when
37.He is the only one of the three got the new idea.
A.who have B.whom have
C.who has D.whose had
38.I'm one of the students well in English in my class.
A.who does B.who do C.which does D.who did
39.This is the baby tomorrow.
A.after whom I shall look B.whom I shall look after
C.whose I shall look after D.after whom I shall look after
40.This is the fastest train is going to Nanjing.
A.that B.what C.where D.／
Ⅱ. 用定語從句連接下列每對句子.(5×2)
1.She was talking with a lady.Her son was ill.
2.You sent my sister a present.Thank you very much for it.
3.The clothes have been cleaned.I'm wearing them.
4.He is sitting in a chair.It is broken.
5.She is a person.Everyone likes to make friends with her.
參考答案
Ⅰ.1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.D
7.D 8.A 9.A 10.B 11.A 12.B
13.A 14.A 15.A 16.C 17.C 18.A
19.C 20.C 21.A 22.D 23.B 24.C
25.B 26.A 27.A 28.A 29.A 30.B
31.A 32.B 33.B 34.C 35.D 36.C
37.C 38.B 39.B 40.A
Ⅱ.1.She was talking with a lady whose son was ill.
2.Thank you very much for the present which you sent to my sister.
3.I'm wearing the clothes which have been cleaned.
4.He is sitting in a chair which is broken.(The chair which he is sitting in is broken.)
5.She is a person whom everyone likes to make friends with.
責任編輯：李芳芳