初中英語知識點總結

時間:2024-12-08 14:53:22 知識點總結 我要投稿

初中英語知識點總結[薦]

  總結是在某一時期、某一項目或某些工作告一段落或者全部完成后進行回顧檢查、分析評價,從而得出教訓和一些規律性認識的一種書面材料,它是增長才干的一種好辦法,為此我們要做好回顧,寫好總結?偨Y你想好怎么寫了嗎?下面是小編精心整理的初中英語知識點總結,希望對大家有所幫助。

初中英語知識點總結[薦]

初中英語知識點總結1

  一.英語語法重點與難點

  1、 as…as…結構:你和湯姆是一樣好的孩子。

  You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.

  2、 (1)too…to與 so…that sb. can’t…的句型轉換:前者為簡單句,主語只有一個,而后者為復合句,主語有兩個,試比較:

  The man was too angry to be able to speak.

  The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.

  (2) too…to…與 not enough to句型的.轉換:

  He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.

  The book is too difficult for me to read.=

  The book is not easy enough for me to read.

  3、 形容詞原級表示比較級含義:

  約翰不象邁克那么苯。

  John is not so stupid as Mike.

  John is less stupid than Mike.

  John is cleverer than Mike.

  4、 用比較級表示最高級:約翰是班里最高的男生。

  John is taller than any other boy in the class.

  John is the tallest boy in the class.

  5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:

  The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.

  The more food you eat, the fatter you are.

  6、 more and more….表示“越來……越……”:

  More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.

  Our country is getting stronger and stronger.

  二.中考考點—詞組

  1. after, in 這兩個介詞都可以表示“……(時間)以后”的意思

  after 以過去為起點,表示過去一段時間之后,常用于過去時態的句子中?

  如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的

  in 以現在為起點,表將來一段時間以后,常用于將來時態的句子中

  如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走

  2. how long, how often, how soon

  how long指多長時間,主要用來對一段時間(如three days, four weeks 等)提問?如:How long ago was it?

  這是多久前的事了?

  how often指每隔多久,主要用來對頻率副詞或狀語(如once a week等)提問?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久來一次?每月一次。

  how soon指再過多久,主要用來對表示將來的一段時間(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提問?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能趕來?

初中英語知識點總結2

  一、關系代詞引導的定語從句

  1、由who, whom, that,Whose引導的從句

  這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,who作主語指人,whom作賓語指人,that既可作主語又可作賓語(作賓語可以省略),可以指人也可以指物。Whose 用來指人或物,只用作定語。

  (1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那個想見你的男人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)

  (2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)

  (3) The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你剛剛說話的那個男人是我們的英語老師

  (4) he man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那個兒子是醫生的男人是我們的教授。

  2、由which, that引導的從句

  它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,作賓語時可以省略,例如:

  (1) Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在從句中作主語)

  (2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那個包裹快要散開了。(which / that在從句中作賓語)

  注意: 代表物時多用which,但在下列情況中用that而不用which:

  a)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代詞時;

  b)先行詞由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時,這時的that常被省略;

  c)先行詞前有序數詞或被形容詞最高級修飾時;

  d)先行詞中既有人又有物時;

  e)整個句中前面已有which,who,that時;

  f)當先行詞為物并作表語時;

  g)先行詞為one時;

  h)先行詞同時又被the only,the very,the same修飾時;

  二、關系副詞引導的定語從句

  1、when指時間在定語從句中做時間狀語也可做連接詞用

  I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

  2、where指地點在定語從句中做地點狀語    Shanghai is the city where I was born.

  3、why指原因在定語從句中做原因狀語 ,用在reason 后面。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

  常見考法

  對于定語從句的考查,多以單選的形式考查學生靈活運用的`能力。一般情況下,常從關系詞的意義和功能的角度考查,重點是that,which,who引導的定語從句。

  典型例題:

  You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.

  A. who B. whom C. whom D. who

  解析:先行詞person后有兩個定語從句,第一個從句省略了關系代詞whom.因為, whom作從句中met的賓語,可以省略.第二個從句who could do it.who在從句中作主語,不可省略.

  答案:D

  誤區提醒

  當表示時間或地點的名詞作先行詞時,要判斷出它們在從句中作狀語還是主語或賓語。作狀語時用關系副詞,反之用關系代詞。

  典型例題:

  I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.

  A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when

  解析:兩個先行詞the day都是表示時間的名詞,但第一個空白處要填的關系詞在從句中作狀語,因此要用關系副詞when. 第二個空白處要填的關系詞在從句中作動詞spent的賓語,因此要用關系代詞which或that來引導定語從句.

  答案:A

初中英語知識點總結3

  賓語從句

  1.賓語從句的含義

  在主句中做賓語的從句叫做賓語從句。

  如:She knew that the teacher had seen the film.她知道這位老師看過這部電影。

  “that the teacher had seen the

  film”做knew的賓語,同時又是由連接詞that引導的從句,所以它叫做賓語從句。

  2.賓語從句的'分類

  (1)動詞賓語從句:顧名思義,它是位于動詞后面的賓語從句。

  如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他問我們班上誰的書法最好。

  (2)介詞賓語從句:顧名思義,它是位于介詞后面的賓語從句。

  如:I agree with what you said just now.我同意你剛才說的話。

  (3)形容詞賓語從句:顧名思義,它是位于形容詞后面的賓語從句。

  如:I am afraid that I will be late.恐怕我要遲到了。

  3.引導名詞性從句的連接詞

  (1)that:沒有含義,在賓語從句中不做成分

  (2)whether/if:表示是否,在賓語從句中不做成分。

  I don t know if /whether he still lives here after so many

  years.我不知道這么多年后,他是否還住在這里。

  (3)連接代詞:what, which, who, whom, whose(在賓語從句中做主、賓、表和定語)

  連接副詞:where, when, how, why(在賓語從句中做狀語)

  The small children don t know what is in their

  stockings.(what在賓語從句中做主語)這些小孩子不知道什么在他們的長筒襪里。

  Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this

  morning?(why在賓語從句中做原因狀語)你能告訴我為什么你今天早上開會遲到嗎?

  4.在做賓語從句的題目時應注意兩點

  (1)時態:

  ①當主句是現在時態時,賓語從句可以根據需要使用任何時態。

  I don t know when he will come back.我不知道他將何時回來。

  He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告訴我他姐姐昨天回來了。

  ②當主句是過去時態時,賓語從句必須是一種過去的時態。

  She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她問我是否知道這是誰的鋼筆。

  He said that he could finish his work before supper.他說他會在晚飯前完成工作。

  ③當表示客觀事實或普遍真理的句子做賓語從句時,任何時候都用一般現在時。

  The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說過地球繞著太陽轉。

  (2)語序:任何從句都使用陳述句語序,賓語從句當然也不例外。

初中英語知識點總結4

  在英語中,to一詞用法及其靈活。除了常見“to do”結構外,to還有介詞和副詞的用法。但我們大都是聽過記憶類似“be devoted to

  doing”這種所謂的固定搭配學習,卻不知其中的to到底是何意。不同用法中,to的.含義具體分別如下:

  1. 向,對著(某方向或某處):He walked to the school.他朝學校走去。

  2. 位于…方向:There are many buildings to the north of mountains.

  山北面坐落著很多樓房。

  3. 到,達(某處):Her long hair fell to the ground.她的長發垂到地上。

  4. 到,達(某狀態):He always tries to work to perfection. 他總是努力將工作做到完美。

  5. 至(表示范圍或一段時間的結尾或界限):The museum is open from 9:00 to

  17:00.博物館開放時間為9:00到17:00。

  6. 差,離:It is ten to ten. 現在是十點差十分。(9:50)

  7. 給(引出接受者):My mother gave a birthday present to me. 媽媽送我生日禮物。

  8. 對于,關于(引出受事者):What have done to the little boy? 你對這個小男孩做了什么?

  9. 表示兩件事物相接:The printer is connected to the computer. 打印機與電腦相連。

  10. 屬于,歸于(表示兩事物或兩人之間的關系):the key to the door門的鑰匙

  11. 指向:Terrorism is a threat to peace. 恐怖主義是對和平的威脅。

  12. 表示引出比較的第二部分:

  My mother prefer swimming to walking. 比起散步,媽媽更喜歡游泳。

  China won the game by six goals to two.中國以六比二贏得比賽。

  13. 等于,每(表示數量或比率):There are 60 seconds to a minute. 一分鐘六十秒。

  14. 向…表示敬意:

  We will build a monument to the soldiers who died in the earthquake.

  我們將為地震中犧牲的戰士修建紀念碑。

  15. 伴隨:Everybody danced happily to the music. 所有人隨音樂換新起舞。

  16. 為了給(用于表示動作的動詞后):The little boy rushed to his father. 小男孩向他爸爸沖過去。

  17. 適合,致使:To my surprise, Jack could pass the exam. 令我驚訝的是,杰克竟能通過考試。

  18. 按照…看法:To me, whether it’s right doesn’t matter. 對我而言,對錯都不重要。

  以上是to 作為介詞的主要用法,另外,to用作副詞還有“關著”之意:

  1. Please push the door to. 請推門關上。

  2. to and fro 來來回回:He couldn’t calm down and walked to and fro in the

  room.他難以冷靜下來,在房里走來走去。

初中英語知識點總結5

  (一)掌握動詞的現在時第三人稱單數、過去式、過去分詞和現在分詞四種形式的構成規則;

  1、動詞現在時的第三人稱單數的構成:

  詞尾加-s look-looks find-finds

  以s,x,ch,sh或o結尾詞尾加-es watch-watches,push-pushes

  以“輔音字母+y”結尾變y為i再加-es fly-flies,apply-applies

  2、動詞的過去式及過去分詞的構成:

 、僖巹t動詞的變化:

  詞尾加-ed look-looked,looked

  以e結尾詞尾加-d live-lived,lived

  以“輔音字母+Y”結尾,變y為i,再加-ed carry-carried,carried

  以重讀閉音節或r音節結尾,且末尾只有一個輔音字母雙寫該輔音字母,再加-ed stop-stopped

  ②不規則動詞的變化。(略)

  3、動詞的現在分詞的構成:

  直接加-ing look-looking watch-watching

  以e結尾去e加-ing come-coming move-moving

  以重讀閉音節或r音節結尾,且末尾只有一個輔音字母,雙寫該輔音字母,再加-ing swim-swimming

  以ie結尾且為重讀開音節變ie加y再加ing die-dying lie-lying

  (二)掌握動詞六種時態的基本結構,主要用法及區別(一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、過去進行時、現在進行時和現在完成時)

  1、一般現在時

  ①一般現在時常用來表示現在習慣或經常反復發生的動作,與always,usually,often,sometimes,every day(week,month)等連用;表示現在的事實或狀態;表示主語所具有的特征,性格和能力;以及表示客觀事實或普遍其理。

  ②一般現在時的構成:

  一般現在時通常以動詞原形表示,但當主語是第三人稱單數時,動詞原形后需加-s或-es。

  She likes biology very much.她非常喜歡生物。

  They often go to school by bike.他們通常騎車上學。

  2、一般過去時

 、僖话氵^去時表示過去發生的動作或存在的狀態,常與表示過去時間的副詞如:yesterday,last week,two hours ago等連用;表示過去一段時間經;蚍磸桶l生的動作,這時可與頻度副詞often,usually,always等連用;表示過去發生的一連串動作,以及在時間和條件狀語從句中,用一般過去時表示過去將來的動作。

  ②一般過去時的構成:一般過去時由動詞的過去式構成。

  We met each other on the street yesterday.我們昨天在街上碰見了。

  She often went swimming last year.她去年經常去游泳。

  They moved the chairs to the table,sat down and began to have supper.

  他們把椅子搬到桌邊,坐下開始吃飯。

  Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.瑪麗告訴我如果下雨她就呆在家里。

  3、一般將來時

 、僖话銓頃r表示將要發生的`動作或存在的狀態,常與表示將來的時間狀語如next month,tomorrow,in a week,soon等連用。

  ②一般將來時的構成:

 。1)一般將來時由“助動詞will/shall+動詞原形”構成。其中shall主要用于主語是第一人稱(I和we)的疑問句中。

  (2)也可以用“be going to+動詞原形”這個結構來表示根據目前跡象很有可能發生的某件事情,或是打算、計劃、以及決定要做某件事情等。

  They will have a class meeting next Tuesday.他們下周二將舉行班會。

  We shall meet at the school gate.我們將在學校大門口見。

  It is going to rain.要下雨了。

  4、現在進行時

 、佻F在進行時表示現在正在進行或發生的動作,常與now,at present,at this,moment等連用;或與these days,this week/month等連用,表示現階段正在進行的動作。有時還與always,continually,forever等詞連用,表示反復出現的動作,代替一般現在時,表達說話人強烈的感情。如贊揚、不滿、討厭等。如:588.es

  He is always asking such silly questions.他老是提這類愚蠢的問題。

 、诂F在進行時的構成:

  現在進行時由“be(am/is/are)+V-ing”構成。

  They are watching TV now.他們正在看電視。

  The dog is enjoying his meal.小狗正在吃飯。

  5、過去進行時

 、龠^去進行時的用法與現在進行時用法相同,只不過參照的時間基準點不同。

  過去進行表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作。一般和特定的時間狀語或狀語從句連用。如:then,at that time,at eight yesterday,this time yesterday,when he came in等。

 、谶^去進行時的構成與現在進行時類似,只不過把be(am,is,are)變為過去式(was,were)

  They were watching TV at that time.他們那會正在看電視。

  The dog was enjoying his meal at this time yesterday.小狗昨天這個時候正在吃飯。

  6、現在完成時

 、俦硎緞幼饕呀浲瓿,但后果或影響仍在,常與already,just,yet等副詞連用;或是表示過去發生的動作一直持續到現在,常與for或since引導的一段時間狀語連用。

 、诂F在完成時由助動詞“have/has+過去分詞”構成。

  He has already come back.他已經回來了。

  He has lived here for three years.他在此住了兩年了。

  (三)掌握系動詞be,look,feel,smell,get,become,turn,keep等的基本用法

  常見的連系動詞有:become,turn,get,grow,keep,feel,look,seem,smell,fall等。它們后面常接形容詞,構成系表結構。

  Please keep the classroom clean.請保持教室的干凈。

  The bread looks very fresh.這些面包看上去很新鮮。

  (四)了解過去將來時、過去完成時態的基本用法;

 、龠^去將來時表示從過去某一時點看將要發生的動作或存在的狀態。過去將來時和一般將來時的構成相同,只是把will,shall變為過去式would,should,把助動詞be的過去式變為過去式was或were而已。如:

  They were going to have a meeting.他們曾打算開會。

 、谶^去完成時表示在過去某一時刻或動作之前已完成的行為或存在的狀態。與現在完成的用法相同,只不過作為衡量基準點的時間點不同,現在完成時以現在作為衡量的基準點,而過去完成時則以過去某個時刻作為基準點。它表示在過去某一時刻或動作之前完成了的動作,即“過去的過去”,常by,before引導的時間狀語連用。如:

  By the time he was ten,Edison had built a lab for himself.

  到愛迪生10歲時,他已給自己建了一個實驗室。

  She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她說她已在那所醫院工作20年了。

  (五)掌握助動詞be,do,have,shall,will的基本用法;

  助動詞是“輔助性”動詞,一般沒有詞義,不能單獨作謂語,但可用來幫助構成謂語,表示不同的時態,語態,和數的變化。

  常見的助動詞有:

 。1)be(am,is,are,was,were,being,been)與現在分詞結合,構成各種進行時態;或與過去分詞結合構成被動語態。

  I’m looking for my pen.我正在找我的筆。(現在進行時)

  These cups are made in China.這些杯子是中國制造的。(被動語態)

 。2)have(has,had,having)與過去分詞結合,構成完成時。

  They have known each other for twenty years.

  他們互相認識有二十年了。(現在完成時)

  He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.

  他十歲時就已經為自己建了一個化學實驗室。(過去完成時)

 。3)do(does,did)助動詞do后只能跟動詞原形,與not及其他動詞結合構成否定句,或置于主語之前構成疑問句。

  He does not speak English.他不說英語。

  When did he come back?他什么時候回來的?

 。4)will(would),shall(should)will能用于一般將來時的任何人稱后;would是will的過去時,能用于過去將來時;兩者后面都接動詞原形。

  The plane will arrive in ten minutes.飛機十分中后將要到達。

  I was sure we would win.我確信用我們會贏。

  shall與should這兩個助動詞本身沒有詞義,shall只能用于一般將來時的第一人稱后;should是shall的過去時,只能用于過去將來時的第一人稱后;兩者后面都接動詞原形。

  We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow.我們明天將在校門口見。

  I told them that I should do the work alone.我告訴他們我將獨自做那項工作。

  (一)掌握情態動詞can,must,need,may等基本句型結構及主要用法

  ①情態動詞在英文中是“輔助性”動詞,用來表示說話人的語氣或情態,包括請求、命令、允諾、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、義務、能力等。情態動詞本身有詞義,但詞義不完全,不能單獨用作謂語,沒有人稱和數的變化,且后面只跟動詞原形。

 、谇閼B動詞的種類:

  can could能

  may might可以(或許)

  must must(had to)必須(不得不)

  will would愿意

  shall should應該

  need needed需要

  dare dared敢于

  ③can的用法

 。1)表示體力或腦力方面的“能力”,也能表示根據客觀條件能做某事的“能力”。

  The boy can swim very well.

  Who can answer this question?

 。2)表示允許

  The students can leave after the meeting.

  When can I get the news?

 。3)表示推測

  It can be wrong.

  Who can your new teacher next term?

  ④could的用法

 。1)can的過去式,表示過去有能力及過去的可能性。

  They could run very fast when they were young.

  Could you speak English at that time?

 。2)表示客氣地請求或委婉地陳述意見。

  Could I borrow your bike?

  Could you listen to me carefully?

  (3)表示驚異、懷疑、不相信等態度

  How could that be?

  She couldn’t know me.

 、輒ust的用法

 。1).表示義務,命令或必要

  You must finish it before 5 o’clock.

  Must I hand it in now?

 。2).表示肯定的推測:一定

  She must be a pretty girl.

  You must be wrong.

 、辬eed的用法588.es

  (1)表示“需要,必須”,主要用于否定句和疑問句中。

  We need to pay more attention.

  Need I call him for you?

 。2)need引導的疑問句,肯定回答時多用must,否定回答時用needn’t。

  Need he come?他必須來嗎?

  Yes,he must.是的,必須來。

  No,he needn’t.不,他不必來。

 、適ay的用法

 。1)表示請求、許可、可以

  May I ask you some questions?

  May we start now?

  (2)表示推測說話人的猜測,認為某一事情“或許”或“可能”發生。

  He may be 25 years old.

  We may come back in three days.

  (3)may用于感嘆句中可以表示祝愿或愿望。

  May you success!

  May you have a nice trip!

 、鄐hould的用法

  should意思是“應該”,表示勸告或建議(=ought to)

  Who should I meet this afternoon?

  You should pack you bag quickly.

  (二)了解一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時三種時態的被動語態的結構形式及其基本用法

  被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。一般說來,只有需要動作對象的及物動詞才有被動語態。漢語往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來表示被動意義。被動語態由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞(p.p.)”構成。被動語態的時態變化只改變be的形式,過去分詞部分不變。疑問式和否定式的變化亦如此。

  1.一般現在時的被動語態(am/is/are+done)

  English is spoken by lots of people in the world.世界上的許多人都說英語。

  Class meeting is held every Thursday.每周四都舉行班會。

  The classroom is cleaned by the students every day.學生們每天都打掃教室。

  2.一般過去時的被動語態(was/were+done)

  The cup was broken by the boy.杯子被那個男孩打碎了。

  He was saved at last.他最終獲救了。

  My bike was stolen.我的自行車被偷了。

  3.一般將來時的被動語態(will/shall be+done;would/should be+done)

  A speech will be given this afternoon.今天下午有一個演講。

  A new road will be built next year.明年要修一條新馬路。

  I think thousands of people will be helped.我認為將有數千人得到幫助。

  (三)了解含有情態動詞的被動語態的構成形式及其基本用法

  情態動詞的被動語態結構為:情態動詞+be+過去分詞;其時態及句型的變化僅由情態動詞完成,“be+過去分詞”部分不變。如:

  Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石頭制造。

  Tables could be made of stone at that time.那時桌子可由石頭制造。(一般過去時)

  Can tables be made of stone?桌子能用石頭制造嗎?(疑問句)

 。ㄋ模﹦釉~不定式的基本用法

  動詞不定式在句子中可充當主語、賓語、表語和賓語補足語和狀語(包括目的狀語,結果狀語和原因狀語。)

  1)作主語

  To dance with you makes me happy.和你跳舞令我高興。

  It is difficult to drive in the mountains.(=To drive in the mountains is difficult.)

  在山里開車很困難。

  2)作賓語

 、俸蠼硬欢ㄊ阶髻e語的及物動詞多是表示“意愿”、“企圖”等的動詞,如:

  hope,want,wish,desire,like,decide,try,promise,refuse.

  I want to talk with her.我想和她談談。

  She has decided to go.她已決定要走。

 、谠趂eel,find,think,consider,made等動詞后如果是不定式作賓語,而補語是形容詞,則通常用it作形式賓語,而把真正的賓語即不定式移至形容詞之后。如:

  I find it impossible to forget her.我發現忘掉她是不可能的。

  He thought it necessary to take an umbrella.他認為帶把傘是必要的。

  3)作表語

  Her wish is to be a teacher.他的愿望是成為一名教師。

  Your duty is to clean the classroom.你的任務是打掃教室。

  4)作賓語補足語

  He wants me to come earlier.他想要我來得更早些。

  The policeman ordered them to turn around.警察命令他們轉過身。

  5)作目的狀語:

  She opened the window to let some fresh air in.她打開窗子好讓新鮮空氣進來。

  I went there to see her yesterday.昨天我去那兒看她了。

  6)作結果狀語:

  He is too tired to go any further.他太累了,不能再走了。

  He is not old enough to join the army.他年齡太小,不能參軍。

  7)作原因狀語:

  不定式跟在表示“喜、怒、哀、樂”的形容詞之后,可以表示引起這些情感的原因。

  I’m sorry to trouble you.真抱歉給你帶來麻煩。

  I’m glad to see you.見到你真高興。

初中英語知識點總結6

  名詞

  名詞的可數與不可數

  可數名詞指表示的人或事物可以用數來計量,它有單數與復數兩種形式。不可數名詞指所表示的事物不能用數來計量。物質名詞與抽象名詞一般無法用數目,來統計,都成為不可數名詞。

  不可數名詞前一般不能用冠詞a、an來表示數量,沒有復數形式。要表示“一個……”這一概念,就須加a piece

  of這一類短語。要注意許多名詞在漢語里看來是可數名詞,在英語里卻不可數。如chalk,paper,bread,rice,grass,news等。

  名詞復數的規則變化

  A.一般情況下加-s。

  B.以s, x, ch, sh, 結尾的加-es

  C.以輔音字母加y結尾的改y為i再加-es

  D.以f,fe結尾的,去掉f或fe,變成v再加-es

  名詞的所有格

  A. 單數名詞詞尾加’s,復數名詞詞尾若沒有s,也要加’s。

  如the worker's bike,the Children’ s ball

  B. 表示幾個人共有一樣東西,只需在最后一個人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有,則需在各個名字后’ s。

  如This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.

  C. 如果是通過在詞尾加—s構成的復數形式的名詞,只加’。如the students’ books,the girls’ blouses

  (另外名詞+of+名詞名詞是有生命的,我們就用’s結構來表示所有關系。如果名詞所表示的事物是無生命的,我們就要用名詞+of+名詞的結構來表示所有關系。)

  代詞

  人稱代詞,物主代詞,反身代詞,指示代詞,不定代詞

  人稱代詞

  第一人稱單數I me my mine myself復數 we us our ours ourselves

  第二人稱單數 you you your yours yourself復數 you you your yours yourselves

  第三人稱單數 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its

  itself復數

  they them their theirs themselves

  物主代詞

  物主代詞的用法形容詞性物主代詞后面一定要跟上一個名詞;名詞性物主代詞可作主語、表語、賓語。

  反身代詞

  反身代詞的構成分兩種第一、二人稱反身代詞在形容詞性物主代詞后加上self或selves,第三人稱的反身代詞在賓格代詞后加上self或selves.

  反身代詞的用法一種是作賓語,由主語發出的動作又回到動作者本身。如I enjoyed myself at the party.

  另一種是作名詞或代詞的同位語;用來加強語氣。如I can do it myself.

  指示代詞

  指示代詞的特殊用法

  ● 為了避免重復,可用that,those代替前面提到過的名詞,但是this,these不可以。

  this,that有時可代替句子或句子中的一部分。

  不定代詞

  one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等

  冠詞

  不定冠詞an用在元音讀音開頭(不是指元音字母)的`詞前,其余用不定冠詞a.

  定冠詞的基本用法

  A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。

  B. 指談話雙方都知道的人或事物前面。

  C. 用在單數可數名詞前面,表示某一類人或事物。

  定冠詞的特殊用法

  A. 用在世界上獨一無二的事物或方位名詞前。

  B. 用在序數詞、形容詞的最高級及only所修飾的名詞前。

  C. 用在江河、海洋、山脈、湖泊、群島的名稱前面。

  D. 用在由普通名詞和另外一些詞所構成的專有名詞前面。

  E. 用在姓氏的復數形式前面,表示全家人或這一姓的夫婦二人。

  F. 用在樂器名稱前。

  G. 和某些形容詞連用,表示某一類人或事物。

  名詞前不用冠詞的情況

  A. 在專有名詞 (包括人名、地名、節日、月份、季節) 、物質名詞和抽象名詞前—般不用冠詞。但在以Festival組成的民間節日前要加the。

  B. 表示一類人或事物的復數名詞前。

  C. 名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時,不用冠詞。

  D. 三餐飯、球類、棋類、游戲名稱前一般不用冠詞。正在有些詞組中,有無冠詞含義不同。

  (sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌邊

  go to school去上學;go to the school去那所學校;in hospital住院;in the

  hospital在那個醫院里

初中英語知識點總結7

  一、動詞+介詞

  at…看…,look like … 看上去像……,look after …照料…

  to…聽……

  to…歡迎到……

  hello to …向……問好

  to…對……說話

  此類短語相當于及物動詞,其后必須帶賓語,但賓語無論是名詞還是代詞,都要放在介詞之后。如:

  This is my new bike. Please look it after.(×)

  This is my new bike. Please look after it.(√)

  二、動詞+副詞

  “動詞+副詞”所構成的.短語義分為兩類:

  A.動詞(vt.)+副詞

  on 穿上 off脫下 down記下

  此類短語可以帶賓語,賓語若是名詞,放在副詞前后皆可;賓語若是人稱代詞,只能放在副詞的前面。試比較:

  First listen to the tape, then write down the answer/write the answer down. (√)

  First listen to the answer, then write down it.(×)

  First listen to the answer, then write it down.(√)

  B.動詞(vi)+副詞。

  on趕快 up起床 home回家 in進來 down坐下 up起立

  此類短語屬于不及物動詞,不可以帶賓語。

  三、其它類動詞詞組

  the door the same to work/class ill a look/seat supper young shopping TV/games 10. play games.

  四、介詞短語聚焦

  “介詞+名詞/代詞”所構成的短語稱為介詞短語,F將Unitsl-16常用的介詞短語按用法進行歸類。

  語言/顏色/衣帽等,表示使用某種語言或穿著……。如:in English,in the hat

  + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等,表示“在……排/隊/班級/年級”等。

  the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段時間。

  the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在書桌/鉛筆盒/臥室里”。

  the tree表示“在樹上 (非樹本身所有)”;on the tree表示“在樹上(為樹本身所有)”。如:There are some in the tree. There are many apples on the trees.

初中英語知識點總結8

  名詞指代物體、事物和人,例如:電腦、椅子、沙灘、門警等等。名詞是英語中八大詞類之一。指代物體的可數名詞有兩種形式:單數形式和復數形式。本篇關于名詞復數的指南可以幫助你理解名詞復數的規則形式和不規則形式。在英語中,需要學習的還有動詞的不規則形式、以及與名詞復數形式很相似的形容詞比較級和最高級。

  普通的名詞復數形式——加上-s

  對于大多數名詞來說,只需要在詞尾加上-s。

  單數名詞+s=復數名詞

  computer -> computers

  (電腦)

  bag -> bags

  (包)

  book -> books

  (書)

  table -> tables

  (桌)

  house -> houses

  (房子)

  car -> cars

  (汽車)

  student -> students

  (學生)

  place -> places

  (地點)

  不規則名詞的復數形式-以輔音+y結尾的名詞

  以輔音+y結尾的名詞,去掉y,詞尾加上ies。

  以y結尾的單數名詞+ies=復數名詞

  baby -> babies

  (寶貝)

  party -> parties

  (聚會)

  paddy -> paddies

  (稻田)

  hobby -> hobbies

  (習慣)

  lady -> ladies

  (女士)

  ferry -> ferries

  (渡輪)

  sherry -> sherries

  (雪莉酒)

  dandy -> dandies

  (花花公子)

  不規則名詞的復數形式——以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z[/cn]

  以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z結尾的名詞,在詞尾加上es。

  以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z結尾的名詞+es=復數名詞

  beach -> beaches

  (沙灘)

  box -> boxes

  (箱子)

  church -> churches

  (教堂)

  buzz -> buzzes

  (嗡嗡聲)

  loss -> losses

  (損失)

  fox -> foxes

  (狐貍)

  watch -> watches

  (手表)

  dress -> dresses

  (裙子)

  不規則名詞的復數形式——以o結尾的名詞

  許多以輔音+o結尾的名詞,o后面會在s前再加上一個e。

  不幸的'是,也有很多以o結尾的名詞不需要做出改動。首先,這里有一些需要做出改動的例子。

  以輔音+o結尾的單數名詞+es=復數形式

  tomato -> tomatoes

  (番茄)

  hero -> heroes

  (英雄)

  zero -> zeroes

  (零)

  potato -> potatoes

  (土豆)

  echo -> echoes

  (回聲)

  其他以輔音+0結尾的名詞不需要在詞尾加上-es。

  以元音+o結尾的名詞不需要做出改動

  kilo -> kilos

  (公斤)

  radio -> radios

  (收音機)

  logo -> logos

  (邏輯)

  piano -> pianos

  (鋼琴)

  solo -> solos

  (獨奏曲)

  cargo -> cargos

  (貨物)

  halo -> halos

  (光暈)

初中英語知識點總結9

  簡單句的.五種基本句型

  1.“主語+謂語”(即“主謂”句型)

  例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主語)“arrived”(謂語)。

  2.“主語+謂語+賓語”(即“主謂賓”句型)

  例:I study English.分析:“I”(主語)“study”(謂語動作)“English”(賓語即動作涉及的對象)。

  3.“主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語”(即“主謂雙賓”句型)

  例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our teacher”(主語)“教”(謂語動作)“us”(間接賓語)“English”(直接賓語)。

  4.“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語”(即“主謂賓賓補”句型)

  例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主語)“asked”(謂語動作)“her”(賓語即動作涉及的對象)“to go there”(補語—補充說明賓語做什么)。

  5.“主語+系動詞+表語”(即“主系表”句型)

  常用的系動詞有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。

  例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主語)“am”(系動詞)“a teacher”(表語—即表明主語的身份)。

初中英語知識點總結10

  形容詞/副詞的比較級和最高級的.構成規則

  (1)單音節詞和少數以-er,-ow結尾的雙音節單詞,比較級在后面加-er,最高級在后面加-est。

 、賳我艄潌卧~:small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest

  tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest

  ②少數以-er,-ow結尾的雙音節單詞:clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest

  (2)以不發音e結尾的單音節單詞,比較級在原形后加-r,最高級在原級后加-st。

  large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest

  (3)以一個輔音字母結尾的閉音節(即:輔音+元音+輔音)單詞中,先雙寫末尾的輔音字母,比較級加-er,最高級加-est。

  big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest

  (4)以“輔音字母+y”結尾的雙音節詞,把y改為i,比較級加-er,最高級加-est。

  easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest

  busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest

  (5)其他雙音節詞和多音節詞,比較級在前面加more,最高級在前面加most。

  beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful

  different→more different→most different

  easily→more easily→most easily

  (6)有少數形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級是不規則的,必須熟記。

  good→better→best well→better→best

  bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst

  old→older/elder→oldest/eldest

  many/much→more→most little→less→least

  far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest

初中英語知識點總結11

  在復合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句,它的作用相當于形容詞,被修飾的詞叫做先行詞。

  1、定語從句的位置。

  1)定語從句一般地說要放在先行詞之后,無論這個詞在句中充當何種成分。

  The student who answered the question is bill.

  2)有時先行詞后還有一個作定語的詞或詞組時,定語從句則應放在上述成分之后。

  Do you know anyone in our class whose father is a business man?

  2、定語從句的引導詞

  1)定語從句的引導詞是由關系代詞或關系副詞充當的。

  關系代詞有who/whom/whose/that,關系副詞有when/where/why,它們除了引導從句的作用外,還要在從句中充當一定的.成分。關系代詞和關系副詞的選用要看其在從句中發揮的作用,與主語沒有任何關系。

  在從句中充當主語的有who/which/that.

  在從句中充當賓語的有whom/which/that.

  在從句中充當定語的有whose.

  在從句中充當狀語的有when/where/why.

  當定語從句所修飾的先行詞是人時,關系代詞要用who(主格),whom(賓格),也可以用that,以及whose(所有格),先行詞是物時,關系代詞要用which,也可用that.whom/which/that在從句中作賓語時往往可以省略。

  例如:

  The students who do not study hard will not pass the examination.

  Do you know the man(whom)mr green shook hand with?

  The letter(which)I received yesterday is from my sister.

  Who is the man(that)is reading a magazine over there?

  The book(that) you lent me is very ingteresting .

  I will never forget the day when I joined the party.

  Last year I went to the village where I was born.

  This is the reason why she will go to london.

  2)在先行詞相同的情況下,根據它們在定語從句中所起的語法作用,可用不同的引導詞連接不同的定語從句。

  例如:

  This is the school where I students for six years.(school或student的狀語)。

  This is the school which he mentioned just now.(school作menttioned的賓語).

初中英語知識點總結12

  一、a number of ,the number of

  a number of 意思是“許多”,相當于a lot of ; the number of意思是“……的數目,……的數量”,當它作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。

  A number of students like playing computer games.

  許多學生喜歡玩電腦游戲。

  The number of the students is about 1500 in our school.

  我們學校學生的人數大約是1500。

  二、基數詞變序數詞助記歌

  基變序,有規律,末尾加上th;一、二、三特殊記,八加h ,九去e ,ve要用f替;以e結尾變ie,后跟th莫忘記。要想表示幾十幾,只變個位就可以。

  特殊變化:one—first ,two—second ,three—third ,five—fifth ,

  nine—ninth ,twelve—twelfth ,forty—fortieth ,

  eight-nine—eighty-ninth

  三、概數(略數)表達法

  數詞+hundred/thousand/million/billion+名詞復數

  hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of+名詞復數

  例1

  1. __people go swimming in summer in Dalian.

  A、Thousands B、Thousand of C、Thousands of D、Thousand

  2. __the students will take part in this English speech contest.

  A. Two hundred of B. Two hundreds of C. Hundreds of D. Hundred of

  四、of sb.與for sb.的區別

 。1)of sb.“對于(某人)”,用于It is +adj. +of sb. to do sth.句型中,形容詞為clever, kind, nice等描述人物性格特征的詞,of后的`人物與形容詞有主表關系。

 。2)for sb.“對于(某人)”,用于It is +adj. +for sb. to do sth.句型中, 形容詞為easy, important等不描述人物性格特征的詞,for后的人物與形容詞沒有主表關系。

  五、不能同時出現在一個句子中的連詞

  1、because(因為),so(所以)不能同時出現在一個句子里,只能用其一。

  Because he was tired, he couldn’t walk there.

  =He was tired ,so he couldn’t walk there.

  因為他累了,所以他不能走到那兒了。

  2、(al)thouthg(雖然),but (但是)不能同時出現在一個句子里,只能用其一。但thouthg和yet可以同時出現在一個句子里(yet用作副詞)

  Thought he was tired, he still worked hard.

  =He was tired, but he still worked hard.

  雖然他很累,但他仍然努力工作。

  六、副詞的比較級

  1、形容詞與副詞的區別 (有be用形,有形用be;有動用副,有副用動)

  ⑴在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動詞之后

 、聘痹~在句子中最常見的是處于實義動詞之后

  2、副詞比較級的變化規則基本與形容詞比較級相同 (不規則變化:well-better, far-farther)

初中英語知識點總結13

  簡單句的'五種基本句型

  1.“主語+謂語”(即“主謂”句型)

  例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主語)“arrived”(謂語)。

  2.“主語+謂語+賓語”(即“主謂賓”句型)

  例:I study English.分析:“I”(主語)“study”(謂語動作)“English”(賓語即動作涉及的對象)。

  3.“主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語”(即“主謂雙賓”句型)

  例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our

  teacher”(主語)“教”(謂語動作)“us”(間接賓語)“English”(直接賓語)。

  4.“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語”(即“主謂賓賓補”句型)

  例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主語)“asked”(謂語動作)“her”(賓語即動作涉及的對象)“to go

  there”(補語—補充說明賓語做什么)。

  5.“主語+系動詞+表語”(即“主系表”句型)

  常用的系動詞有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn,

  look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。

  例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主語)“am”(系動詞)“a teacher”(表語—即表明主語的身份)。

初中英語知識點總結14

  一、詞類、句子成分和構詞法:

  1、詞類:英語詞類分十種:

  名詞、形容詞、代詞、數詞、冠詞、動詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。

  1、名詞(n.): 表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.

  2、代詞(pron.): 主要用來代替名詞。如:who, she, you, it .

  3、形容詞(adj..):表示人或事物的性質或特征。如:good, right, white, orange .

  4、數詞(num.): 表示數目或事物的順序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.

  5、動詞(v.): 表示動作或狀態。如:am, is,are,have,see .

  6、副詞(adv.): 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時間、地點、程度等。如:now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.

  7、冠詞(art..):用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如:a, an, the.

  8、介詞(prep.): 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關系。如in, on, from, above, behind.

  9、連詞(conj.): 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and, but, before .

  10、感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.

  2、句子成分:英語句子成分分為七種:主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補足語。

  1、主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔任。

  如:I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)

  2、謂語動詞說明主語的動作或狀態,回答“做(什么)”。主要由動詞擔任。如:the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)

  3、表語在系動詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)

  4、賓語表示及物動詞的對象或結果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼這個詞)

  有些及物動詞帶有兩個賓語,一個指物,一個指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)

  有時可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強調間接賓語。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)

  5、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數詞等擔任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個大城市)

  6、狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔任。如:()

  7、賓語補足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動詞充當。如:They usually

  keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )

  ☆同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進一步說明它的情況。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學湯姆在哪里?)

  3、構詞法:英語構詞法主要有:合成法、派生法和轉換法。

  1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。

  2、派生法:

  (1)派生名詞:①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge

  (2)派生形容詞:①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥

  Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious

  (3)派生副詞:①形容詞+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。

  3、轉換法:

  (1)形容詞→動詞,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。

  (2)動詞→名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。

  (3)名詞→動詞,如:hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。

  (4)形容詞→副詞,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。

  (5)副詞→連詞,如:when(什么時候)→(當……時候),等等。

  (6)介詞→副詞,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進行,繼續),等等。

  二、名詞:

  1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:

  1、專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團體、機構等的專用名稱。

  專有名詞中實詞的第一個字母要大寫。

  如:Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中華人民共和國)

  專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如:the Great Wall(長城)

  姓氏名如果采用復數形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復數含義),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。

  2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如:pupil, family, man, foot.

  普通名詞又分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。

  ▲可數名詞是可以用簡單的數詞進行計數的名詞,如: box, child, orange;

  ▲不可數名詞是不可以用簡單的數詞進行計數的名詞。如:water, news, oil, population,information .

  2、英語可數名詞的單復數:英語可數名詞有單數和復數兩種形式。

  1、名詞由單數變復數的基本方法如下:

 、僭趩螖得~詞尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch結尾的詞加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.

  [注]:少數以o結尾的詞,變復數時只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.

 、垡暂o音字母加y結尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.

 、芤詅或fe結尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.

  2、不規則變化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child

  →children, ox→oxen, goose→geese

  不可數名詞一般沒有復數形式,說明其數量時,要用有關計量名詞。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.

  3、名詞所有格:

  1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關系,相當于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。其構成法

  如下:

  (1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加?s。如:Childern‘s Day(兒童節), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的書)

  (2)以s或es結尾的復數名詞。只在詞尾加?。如:Teachers‘ Day(教師節)

  (3)有些表示時間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加‘s. 如: newspaper(), break(), China‘s population(中國的人口).

  (4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關系。

  如:

  a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).

  2、[注解]:

 、 ’s還可以表示某人的家或者某個店鋪,如:my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(診所) ② 兩人共有某物時,可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)

 、 “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my father‘s(我

  父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

  4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數的一致問題:

  1、和謂語基本保持單復數的一致,即:主語是可數名詞單數或不可數名詞時,謂語動詞

  用單數形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(計算機是個了不起的發明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

  2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時,

 、 如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)

 、 如果表示其中的所有成員時,則謂語用復數形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國地圖)

  3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個時謂語用單數,表示許多時,謂語用復

  數。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)

  4、maths, news等雖然有s結尾,但不是復數,因此謂語仍用單數:The news is very exciting.

  (這個消息令人興奮)

  5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復數形式,故謂語用復數。如: The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)

  6、a lot of 后跟名詞復數時謂語用復數形式,跟不可數名詞時謂語用單數形式。 baseball now.(現在有許多學生在打壘球) wasted on that work.(大量的時間花在了那個工作上)(被動句)

  7、and 連接兩個名詞做主語時,謂語原則上用復數,但是兩個名詞若構成一個整體事物時,

  謂語則用單數。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯條是一種出名的食品)

  8、 there be 句型中be的單復數一般由靠近的名詞決定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)

  9、用both…and…連接兩個事物做主語時,謂語一般用復數。如: required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)

  10、主語中含有with的短語時,謂語單復數由with之前的人物決定。如:A woman with a . (一名婦女帶著一個七歲的孩子(當時)就站在路邊)

  11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個人物做句子主語時,謂語采用就近原則。如:(要么是你對,要么是他對。/你和他有一個人是對的) / Neither you nor going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)

  12、表示一段時間或長度概念的復數名詞做主語時,謂語一般用單數。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個月不是個短時間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當長的一段距離)

  13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時,謂語的單復數由名 詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網上四分之三以上的`信息是用英語寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學生的三分之一(當時)正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經被污染了)(被動句)

  但是,population一詞又有特殊情況: What‘(中國人口是多少?)(句子用單數) / Three quarters of the in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復數)

  5、部分名詞用法辨析:

  1、sport、game、match、race 的區別:sport通常指“戶外運動”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運動、比賽”,不管戶內戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負為主的運動;match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如:People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜愛運動) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運會將在北京舉行)(被動句) / Our school football team won the league (聯賽).(我們學校足球隊取得了聯賽冠軍) / They (湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)

  2、festival、holiday、vacation的區別:festival“節日”,指喜慶的日子或持續一段時間的文娛活動;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風俗習慣,復數可以表示一個較長的假期;vacation“假期”,指學習或工作中一段長時間的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節將在下個月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個假日,多數人不工作) / What are you going to do (在暑期你打算做什么事情?)

  3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區別:journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進行的長途旅行,不知終點,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強調游覽多處,常用來指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數名詞,指旅行這一行為。如:He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your (旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險的)

  4、sound、noise、voice的區別:sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因為感冒的緣故,這個歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)

  5、fish的問題:指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish,單復數相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時是不可數名詞。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)

  三、代詞:

  1、代詞的分類:英語中代詞分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。

  Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了?) / That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他!)

  2、賓格用來作及物動詞或者介詞的賓語。如:Who teach your English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)

  3、人稱代詞作表語或者放在比較狀語從句連詞than或as之后時,可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語中大多用賓格。如:--Who is it?(是誰?) –It‘s I/me.(是我。)

  4、 三個不同人稱同時出現,或者主語中包含“我”時,按照“you→he→I”的順序表達。如: .(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰要去那兒?) –.(你和我)

  5、 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動名詞或者名詞性從句。如:--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣?)—It‘s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What‘s the time?(幾點啦?) –It‘s 12:00.(12點) / It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好長的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into (很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時候能進入太空)learn a foreign language well.(我們發覺要學好一門外語是非常困難的)

  3、Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)

  2、名詞性物主代詞相當于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關系,在句子中往往獨立地作主語、賓語或者表語,后面千萬不可以跟名詞。如:

  This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒?) / Your .(你們的教室很大,我們的相當小)

  3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時放在名詞的后面。如:

  A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個朋友昨天來看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個來看我。)

  [試比較] .(我的朋友昨天來看我了)(指我的那個特定的朋友來看我。)

  4、Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt (不要玩刀子,那會割傷你的)

  2、在句子中作同位語表示強調(即用來強調名詞或代詞的語氣)。如:

  Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)

初中英語知識點總結15

  每年的中考試卷中,“句型轉換”題所占分值較大,是為了全面考查學生在初中階段所學的詞匯(同義或反義)、短語、句型和語法等方面的知識及其它的之間的靈活運用能力。

  Ⅰ.題型介紹

  所謂“句型轉換”就是先給一個完整的句子A,再根據括號內的要求(有時沒有明確,須自己觀察),在第二個句子B的空白處填上適當的詞來完成的句型轉換。

 、.題型分類

  從形式上看,有如下幾種形式:①某一詞或詞組的轉換;②詞組與句子的轉換;③同義句型的轉換;④為糾正常犯語言錯誤而設計的題目。

  從內容上看,此題型涉及的面較廣,主要有:①句子功能方面的轉換。包括陳述句(肯定與否定)、四種題疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句的轉換;②句子結構方面的轉換。即簡單句、復合句、并列句之間的轉換;③語態的轉換。即主動語態與被動語態之間的轉換;④常用句型與詞匯手段的轉換。

  Ⅲ.具體分類如下

  一、陳述句與疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句間的轉換

  1、陳述句中肯定句變為否定句,大部分是用not來改變謂語結構,但也有借用否定意義的詞,如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等,例如:

  A:Tom does well in maths.

  B:Tom doesn't do in maths.

  A:He has much to do.

  B:He has nothing to do.

  A:All of my classmates like art.

  B:None of my classmates likes art.

  2、改為疑問句。根據上下句的'結構和詞的減少,來判斷變為哪一種形式的疑問句。例如:

  A:My brother often has breakfast at school.

  B: Does your brother often have breakfast at school?

  A:Tom's already weak in English.

  B:Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?

  A:The red light changes every two minutes.

  B:How often does the red light change?

  3、改為感嘆句。根據所給的句子結構和單詞的詞性,來確定使用哪一種感嘆句的形式,例如:

  A:This is an interesting book.

  B:What an interesting book this is!

  或 How interesting this book is!

  二、同義句轉換。

  根據上句,寫出一個意思相同(或相近)的下句,此類形式繁多,內容復雜,涉及面廣,歸類如下:

  1、同義詞或詞組之間的轉換。(通常上下句時態保持一致)。

  常見的同義詞或詞組有:(1)四個“花費”(spend-take-cost-take);(2)三個“到達”(get to-reach-arrive in/at);(3)四個“收到…來信”(hear from-get a letter from-receive a letter from-have a letter from);(4)兩個“擅長于…”(be good at -do well in);(5)兩個“有空”(be free-have time);(6)三個“入睡”(go to sleep-get to sleep-fall asleep);(7)兩個“玩得開心”(enjoy oneself-have a good time);(8)“給…打電話”(call sb-telephone sb-ring sb. a call-make a telephone to sb.)(9)“飛往…”(fly to…-go to…by air/plane)(10)“自學”(teach oneself-learn…by oneself)(11)在…方面幫助help…with…-help… (to)do…(12)在…差be weak in…-do badly in…(13)能/會…can-be able to(14)更喜歡…like…better than…-prefer…to…(15)充滿了…be full of…-be filled with…(16)放棄干…give up doing…-stop doing…(17)不再… no longer-not …any longer(18)照顧/保管 take care of…-look after(19)展覽 on show-on display(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing-keep/prevent…from doing…(21)由于 thanks to-because of…(22)舉手hands up-put up one's hands(23)最后,終于at last-in the end(24)與…不同 be different from…-be not the same as…(25)從…借入… borrow…from…-lend…to…(26)乘公汽/火車/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi-take a bus /train/taxi to…(27)乘自行車去… go to…by bike-ride a bike to…(28)為…感到自豪 be proud of…-be the pride of…(29)步行去… walk to…-go to…on foot (30)獨自地by oneself -alone等。例如:

  A:The children had a good time in the park.

  B:The children enjoyed themselves in the park.

  2、同義句型之間的轉化。常見的同義句型有①It seems that 從句→Somebody seems(to be)+adj/n ②It's kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do… ③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What's the meaning of…?④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with… ⑤not…until…與when/after/before引導的時間狀語從句的轉換 ⑥What's wrong with…?→What's the matter with…? ⑦How is…?→What's…like…?⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?⑧It's time that…→It's time for sb. to do…⑨It's said that…→People say that…⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?

  例如:

  A:I went to bed after I finished my homework.

  B:I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework.

  3、if引導的條件狀語從句的轉化。例如:

  A:If it doesn't rain tomorrow, they'll go to the park.

  B:Unless it rains tomorrow, they'll go to the park.

  A:If you don't hurry, you'll be late.

  B:Hurry up, or you'll be late.

  A:Fish can't live if there is no water.

  B:Fish can't live without water.

  4、現在完成時態中的一句多譯。在現在完成時態中,結束性動詞不能與時間段連用,必須改成相應的延續性動詞。常見的動詞轉換有:buy-have, borrow-keep, die-be dead, open-be open, join-be in+組織/be a +成員, begin-be on, leave-be away from, close-be closed, arrive in/ get to/ come/go to-be in/at, finsh-be over, go to sleep-be asleep,get up-be up.

  例如:The old man died five months ago.

  The old man has been dead since five months ago.

  The old man has been dead for five months.

  It's five months since the old man died.

  Five months has passed since the old man died.

  5、簡單句與復合句之間的轉換。

 、俸e語從句的復合句與簡單句的轉換。例如:

  A:I saw they were playing football on the playground.

  B:I saw them playing football on the playground.

  A:The teacher found that she was very clever.

  B:The teacher found her very clever.

  A:He found that it was hard to learn English well.

  B:He found it hard to learn English well.

  A:We are sure that we will win to first match.

  B:We are sure to win to first match.

  由疑問代詞/副詞引導的賓語從句可轉化為“疑問句+不定式”結構。例如:

  A:Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?

  B:Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?

  A:We don't know what we should do next.

  B:We don't know what to do next.

  ②由when/after/before/while/since/until引導的時間狀語從句可轉化為when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…

  例如:

  A:They went home after they finished their work.

  B:The went home after finishing their work.

  A:Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.

  B:Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.

  When sb. +be+數詞+years old→at the age of+歲數

  A:When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.

  B:At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.

 、塾蓅o…that…引導的結果狀語從句可轉化為too…to do或…enough to do……例如:

  A:The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.

  B:The box is too heavy for me to carry.

  或:The box isn't light enough for me to carry.

  A:The child is so old that he can go to school.

  B:The child is old enough to go to school.

  ④由so that 引導的目的狀語從句可轉化為in order to do例如:

  A:My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.

  B:My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.

 、萦蒪ecause 引導的原因狀語從句可轉化為because of…例如:

  A:We didn't go to the park because it rained.

  B:We didn't go to the park because of the rain.

  ⑥定語從句可以轉化為介詞短語或分詞短語。例如:

  A:The man who is on the bike is Jim.

  B:The man on the bike is Jim.

  A:The man who is driving the red car is my boss.

  B:The man driving the red car is my boss.

  A:The girl who is called Mary is my sister.

  B:The girl called Mary is my sister.

  6、用并列連詞neither…nor;either…or…;both…and…;not only…but also…連句。例如:

  A:I haven't seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn't either.

  B:Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.

  A:Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.

  B:Tom is good at both maths and French.

  neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞依靠近它的主語而定,即“就近原則”,但是both…and用來連接兩個主語時,謂語復數。

  7、主動語與被動語態的互變。

  “主動”變“被動”實行“三變二不變”原則!叭儭奔词侵髡Z,謂語和賓語的變化,“二不變”即時態不變,句式不變。例如:

  A:They make watches in the town.

  B:Watches are made by them in the town.

  A:I can finish the work before eight.

  B:The work can be finished(by me)before eight.

  A:Do they grow rice in South China?

  B:Is rice grown in South China?

  注:使役性動詞make或感觀性動詞see/watch/look at/hear/listen to/feel在主動語態中所帶省to的不定式賓補變為被動語態時,必須加上to.

  A:I saw him take your umbrella.

  B:He was seen to take your umbrella.

  8、形容詞、副詞二級之間的轉化,例如

  A:Chinese is the most important subject of all.

  B:Chinese is more important than any other subject.

  A:This exercise is easier than the other two.

  B:This exercise is the easiest of the three.

 、.解題指導

  要做好句型轉換題,必須注意如下幾點:

  1、注重掌握教材中的基本句和同一句子英語的不同結構表達技巧。

  2、弄清題意,明確題目考查點,了解題目所給句子與答句之間的關系。

  3、注意從多角度,全方位考慮問題,突破難點,注意復查,看是否按要求完成了轉換。

  通過上述的歸納和指導,可以理清學生的“依章辦事”的解題思路,養成“有條不紊”的解題習慣,培養多角度思維解題的能力,從而達到提高學習效率的目的。

  特殊疑問句

  注:1、一般情況:特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句構成。

  2、特殊疑問詞在句中充當成分。

  3、不用yes ,no回答,直接回答。

  4、讀降調。

  5、常用疑問詞:who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。

  對劃線部分提問。(把各句變為特殊疑問句)

  1、 對主語(人)提問:

  The boy is running now. Who is running now?

  2、 對表語(人)提問:

  He is Lily's father. Who is he ?

  3、 對介賓(人)提問:

  She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ?

  4、 對動賓(人)提問:

  I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English?

  5、 對間賓(人)提問:

  Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday?

  6、 對主語(東西)提問:

  The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ?

  7、 對表語(東西)提問:

  These are boats. What are these?

  8、 對動賓(東西)提問:

  I want a cup of tea. What do you want?

  9對職業(提問)提問:

  The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do?

  10.對介賓(東西)提問:

  He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for?

  11、對是什么提問:

  It's a Chinese car. What is it?

  12、對計算結果提問:

  Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine?

  13、對年級提問:

  I'm in Grade Three. What grade are you in?

  14、對班級提問:

  Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in?

  15、對年級和班級提問:

  Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ?

  16、對排提問:

  We are in Row One. What row are you in?

  注:1、對年級、班級、排提問時,問句中的in 不能去掉.

  2,what 后的grade ,class ,row用小寫形式.

  3,what根據實際譯為漢語.

  17、對學號提問:

  Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy's number?

  18、對后置定語提問:

  This is a map of China. What map is this ?

  19、對顏色提問:

  The flowers are red. What color are the flowers?

  20、對幾點幾分提問:

  It's six. What time is it ? What's the time?

  21、對名字提問:

  My name is Li Lei. What's your name ?

  22、對前置定語提問:

  These apples are yours. Which apples are yours?

  The best one is Lily's. Which one is Lily's?

  23、對表語(名物代)提問:

  This cup is yours. Whose is the cup?

  24、對后置定語提問:

  The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother?

  25、對后置定語提問:

  I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy?

  26、對主語(名物代)提問:

  Mine is red. Whose is red?

  27、對定語(形物代)提問:

  They are my books. Whose books are they?

  28、對定語(名詞所有格)提問:

  This is Lucy and Lily's room. Whose room is this?

  29、對表語(名詞所有格)提問:

  This cup is Kate's. Whose is this cup?

  30對身體提問:

  I'm fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you?

  31、對年齡提問:

  The boy is fifteen. How old are you?

  32、對天氣提問:

  It's cloudy today. How is the weather today?=What's the weather like today?

  33、對語言提問:

  I can spell it in English. How can you spell it?

  34、對方式提問:

  I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike?) How do you often go to school?

  35、對程度提問:

  She studies hard. How does she study?

  36、對數量提問:

  1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?

  2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ?

  3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house?

  37、對價格提問:The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat?

  注:1,對價格提問,be 應根據后面的主語而定。

  2,單位yuan在問句中去掉。

  38、對距離提問:

  The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here?

  39、對長度提問:

  The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler?

  40、對for+一段時間提問:

  We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ?

  He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here?

  注:how long 后面必須是延續性動詞。

  41、對星期提問:

  Today is Monday. What day is it today?

  42、對in+一段時間提問:

  The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop?

  43、對頻度副詞提問:

  Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li?

  44、對范圍內的次數提問:

  I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer?

  45、對寬度提問:

  The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river?

  46、對原因狀語提問:

  He didn't come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn't he come to school?

  注:表示“因為”的連詞有since, as , for, because.

  47、對時間狀語提問:

  We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school?

  48、對地點狀語提問:

  The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football?

  49、對幾月幾日提問:

  It's May 2 today. What's the date today?

  50、對種類(后置定語)提問:

  I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want?

  51、對作什么提問:

  The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree?

  熟記變特殊疑問句時,容易判斷錯的情況。

  1、 數詞

  表示年齡:He is fifty-five. How old is he ?

  表示時間:It's fifty-five. What's the time?

  表示加法:Six and two is eight. What's six and two?

  表示價格:The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt?

  表示多少:I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have?

  2、 姓名和人

  表示人名:My name is Gina. What's your name?

  表示人:The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ?

  3、 長度和距離

  表示距離:It's five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here?

  表示長度:It's five hundred metres. How long is it ?

  4、 顏色,東西

  表示顏色:The shoes are white. What color are the shoes?

  表示物:They are white sheep. What are they?

  表示顏色:They are white sheep. What color are these sheep?

  5、 名詞所有格和人

  表示名詞所有格:She's Lucy's sister. Whose sister is she?

  表示人:She's Lucy's sister. Who is she?

  同義句轉換的九種類型

  同義句轉換題是近幾年中考英語的一個?碱}型,其出題形式通常是同時給出兩個句子,第一句完整,第二句中設有幾處空格,要求考生填入適當的詞或詞組,使第二句的意思與第一句意思相同。它綜合考查考生的語法、詞匯、短語或習慣用語和句型結構等知識,要求運用所學的詞匯、語法知識和句型結構填寫句子,使句子結構完整、邏輯合理、語法知識無誤、意思與所給句子相同。通過對近幾年的中考英語試題中同義句轉換題的分析,我們發現中考英語同義句轉換題主要考查以下幾個方面:

  一、運用同義詞(組)進行轉換

  用同義詞或同義詞組對原句中的某些詞或詞組進行替換,注意轉換后的詞或詞組的詞形變化要與句子其他成分相適應。如:

  1. That day we could see flowers here and there.

  That day we could see flowers __________.

  分析:答案為everywhere。everywhere與here and there都表示“到處”。

  2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school.

  The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school.

  分析:答案為looks after。take good care of與look after…well都表示“好好照顧”。

  二、運用反義詞(組)的否定式進行轉換

  即用反義詞或詞組的否定式表達與原句相同的意思,主要考查學生對反義詞(詞組)的積累和換位思維的能力。如:

  1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time.

  It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time.

  分析:答案為same as。be different from意為“與……不同”;the same as意為“與……相同”,其否定式與be different from同義。

  2. I think wealth is less important than health.

  I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health.

  分析:答案為don’t,more。less important的意思是“沒有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”,該結構與not連用,則表示“不比……更重要”。

  另外,有的反義詞即使不與否定詞連用,而只需改變句子結構也可構成同義句。如:

  He lent some money to his friend.

  He friend ___ some money ___ him.

  分析:答案為borrowed,from。borrow…from意為“向……借……”;lend…to意為“把……借給……”。兩個結構意思相反,但若變換“借出者”與“借入者”的位置,則可轉換為同義句。

  三、運用不同語態進行轉換

  即運用主動語態與被動語態的變化來轉換同義詞,但此時要特別注意時態、動詞一致性。如:

  1. Everyone should give back his library books on time.

  Library books should____ ____ ____ on time.

  分析:答案為be given back。被動句中含有情態動詞should,因此助動詞用be。

  2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.

  Computers ____ widely ___ in the world today.

  分析:答案為are,used。computers是復數名詞,助動詞用are。

  四、非延續性動詞與延續性動詞的相互轉換

  即非延續性動詞與延續性動詞進行轉換,此時往往會涉及時態的變化。如:

  1. The manager left two hours ago.

  The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours.

  分析:答案為has been away。leave為非延續性動詞,不能與for two hours這樣的一段時間連用,而改成be away這樣的延續性動詞后,則可連用一段時間。

  2. The film began five minutes ago.

  The film has been _____ _____ five minutes.

  分析:答案為on for。has been提示時態是現在完成時態,“for+時間段”表示“持續(一段時間)”,常用在含有現在完成時態的句子里。

  3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago.

  Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years.

  答案:has been in。短暫動詞join,意為“參加、加入(組織,政黨)”,不能與延續時間狀語連用,與延續性時間狀語連用時,將join改成be in或be a member in…。

  五、運用不同引語進行轉換

  即將直接引語變為間接引語或將間接引語轉換成直接引語。此時還要注意相關時態、人稱、動詞、狀語等相應的變化。如:

  1. “I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me.

  He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet.

  分析:答案為told,had found。此題是將直接引語轉換成間接引語。

  2. “Did you see her last week?” he said.

  He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______.

  分析:答案為asked if/ whether, before。此題是將疑問句的直接引語轉換成間接引語。

  六、運用簡單句與復合句之間的轉換

  即將簡單句變成同義的復合句或將復合句變成同義的簡單句。如:

  1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining.

  We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.

  分析:答案為because of。將原因狀語從句because it was raining改為表示原因的介詞短語because of the rain。

  2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep.

  He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep.

  分析:答案為too excited to。將so…that…換成too…to…結構,原句的that從句為結果狀語從句,改寫句中的不定式仍表結果。

  3. Now I will show you how to do the work.

  Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work.

  分析:答案為how you can。即將原句中的“疑問詞+不定式”結構轉換成賓語從句。

  4. You should put them back after you use them.

  You should put them back _____ _____ them.

  分析:答案為after using。即將after引導的狀語從句改寫為after引導的介詞短語。

  七、運用并列句與復合句之間的轉換

  即將并列句變成同義的復合句或將復合句變成同義的并列句。如:

  1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus.

  ____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.

  分析:答案為If,don’t。if引導條件狀語從句。

  2. The man gave us a talk last week. Now he will give us another talk this week.

  The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week.

  分析:答案為who/ that,will give。who/ that gave us a talk last week為定語從句,修飾先行詞the man。

  八、運用關聯連詞連接或合并句子

  即運用關聯連詞both…and…,neither…nor…,either…or…,not only…but also…等將兩個簡單句合并為一個簡單句。此時要注意的是,both…and…連接兩個主語時,謂語總是用復數,而neither…nor…,either…or…,not only…but also…連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞通常應與靠近的主語保持一致。如:

  1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either.

  ______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well.

  分析:答案填Neither,nor。neither…nor…表示“……和……(兩者)都不”,剛好與原句的兩個否定結構的意思相吻合。

  2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too.

  ______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book.

  分析:答案為Both,and。both…and…的意思是“……和……(兩者)都”。

  3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes.

  This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes.

  分析:答案為not only,but also。表示“不僅……而且……”之意。

  九、利用某些典型句式或結構進行轉換

  這類典型結構如so…that…,too…to…,enough to,not…until…,so do I等。如:

  1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.

  Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents.

  分析:答案為so do。句意為“……他的父母也一樣(一樣想去)”。

  2. John went to bed after he finished his homework.

  John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework.

  分析:答案為didn’t,until。not…until意為“直到……才”。

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