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好文章，壞文章-good writing, bad writing ?
Despite the modern desire to be easy and casual, americans from time to time give thought to the language they use, to grammar, vocabulary,and official languages. and, as on other issues, they divide into two parties. the larger, which includes everybody from the plain people to the professional writer, takes for granted that there is a right way to use words and construct sentences and many wrong ways. the right way is believed to be clearer,simpler, more logical, and hence more likely to prevent error and confusion. good writing is easier to read; it offers a pleasant combination of sound and sense.
Against this majority view is the doctrine of an opposing minority, who make up for their small number by their great learning and their place of authority in the school system and the world of scholarship. they are the professional linguists,who deny that there is such a thing as correctness. the language, they say, is what anybody and everybody speaks.hence there must be no interference with what they regard as a product of nature. they denounce all attempts at guiding choice.
Within the profession of linguists there are, of course,fighting factions, but, on this conception of language as a natural growth with which it is criminal to interfere, they are at one. in their arguments one finds appeals to feelings of social equality (all words and forms are equally good) and individual freedom. these beliefs further suggest that the desire for correctness, the very idea of better or worse in speech, is what is left over from noble and times. to the linguists, change is the only rule to be obeyed. they consider it to be equal with life and accuse their critics of being clock-reverses, enemies of freedom, menaces to"life".
盡管現(xiàn)代社會(huì)要求簡(jiǎn)單、隨意，美國(guó)人卻時(shí)不時(shí)地對(duì)他們用的語(yǔ)言、語(yǔ)法、詞匯和官方語(yǔ)言表示關(guān)注。而且，像在其他問(wèn)題上一樣，他們·分為兩派。多數(shù)派，包括從一般百姓到專業(yè)作家的所有人，都理所當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為有一種正確的遣詞造句的方式，也存在很多錯(cuò)誤的方式。人們相信正確的方式是使文章比較清楚、簡(jiǎn)單、更有邏輯性，進(jìn)而更有可能避免錯(cuò)誤和含混不清。好文章容易讀；它為讀者提供了聲音和意義的美妙結(jié)合。
與這種占大多數(shù)的觀點(diǎn)相對(duì)的是持反對(duì)意見的少數(shù)派的主張，他們淵博的學(xué)識(shí)以及在教育界和學(xué)術(shù)界的權(quán)威地位彌補(bǔ)了人數(shù)少的劣勢(shì)。他們是專業(yè)的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家，他們否認(rèn)有正確的寫作方式這回事。他們說(shuō)任何人或者說(shuō)每個(gè)人說(shuō)的`都是語(yǔ)言，所以我們不應(yīng)該人為地修改他們認(rèn)為是自然的產(chǎn)物。他們痛斥所有試圖選擇正確寫作指導(dǎo)的做法。
在語(yǔ)言學(xué)家內(nèi)部當(dāng)然也有相互斗爭(zhēng)的派別，但是在“語(yǔ)言是自然發(fā)展的，干涉即是犯罪”這一點(diǎn)上，他們的觀點(diǎn)是一致的。在他們的論點(diǎn)中，人們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)社會(huì)公平（所有詞語(yǔ)和形式都是一樣的好）和個(gè)人自由的感情趨向。這些主張還進(jìn)一步暗示：尋求正確語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的愿望，即話語(yǔ)有好壞之分這個(gè)觀念本身是從有貴族貧民之分的那個(gè)時(shí)代遺留下來(lái)的，對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)，變化是惟一應(yīng)該遵循的規(guī)則。他們把它看成和生命同等重要，并且譴責(zé)那些批評(píng)他們的人為想要“反轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)鐘”的人，是自由的敵人，是對(duì)“生活”的威脅。
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