土木工程專業英語課文翻譯

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土木工程專業英語課文翻譯

　　土木工程專業，是大學的一種自然學科。專門培養掌握各類土木工程學科的基本理論和基本知識，能在房屋建筑、地下建筑、道路、隧道、橋梁建筑、水電站、港口及近海結構與設施。以下是小編整理土木工程專業英語課文翻譯的資料，歡迎閱讀參考。

土木工程專業英語課文翻譯

　　weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the project’s impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment. Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile, structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists. Based on information supplies by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.

　　領域。因為包含范圍太廣，土木工程學又被細分為大量的技術專業。不同類型的工程需要多種不同土木工程專業技術。一個項目開始的時候，土木工程師要對場地進行測繪，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和電力線。巖土工程專家則進行土力學試驗以確定土壤能否承受工程荷載。環境工程專家研究工程對當地的影響，包括對空氣和地下水的可能污染，對當地動植物生活的影響，以及如何讓工程設計滿足政府針對環境保護的需要。交通工程專家確定必需的不同種類設施以減輕由整個工程造成的對當地公路和其他交通網絡的負擔。同時，結構工程專家利用初步數據對工程作詳細規劃，設計和說明。從項目開始到結束，對這些土木工程專家的工作進行監督和調配的則是施工管理專家。根據其他專家所提供的信息，施工管理專家計算材料和人工的數量和花費，所有工作的進度表，訂購工作所需要的材料和設備，雇傭承包商和分包商，還要做些額外的監督工作以確保工程能按時按質完成。

　　Throughout any given project, civil engineers make extensive use of computers. Computers are used to design the project’s various elements (computer-aided design, or CAD) and to manage it. Computers are necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project.

　　貫穿任何給定項目，土木工程師都需要大量使用計算機。計算機用于設計工程中使用的多數元件（即計算機輔助設計，或者 CAD）并對其進行管理。計算機成為了現代土木

　　res built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.

　　土木工程學作為最老的工程技術學科，是指規劃，設計，施工及對建筑環境的管理。此處的環境包括建筑符合科學規范的所有結構，從灌溉和排水系統到火箭發射設施。

　　Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.

　　土木工程師建造道路，橋梁，管道，大壩，海港，發電廠，給排水系統，醫院，學校，公共交通和其他現代社會和大量人口集中地區的基礎公共設施。他們也建造私有設施，比如飛機場，鐵路，管線，摩天大樓，以及其他設計用作工業，商業和住宅途徑的大型結構。此外，土木工程師還規劃設計及建造完整的城市和鄉鎮，并且最近一直在規劃設計容納設施齊全的社區的空間平臺。

　　The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader.

　　土木一詞來源于拉丁文詞“公民” 。在 1782 年，英國人 John Smeaton 為了把他的非軍事工程工作區別于當時占優勢地位的軍事工程師的工作而采用的名詞。自從那時起，土木工程學被用于提及從事公共設施建設的工程師，盡管其包含的領域更為廣闊。

　　Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear.

　　工程師的必備品，因為它使得工程師能有效地掌控所需的大量數據從而確定建造一項工程的最佳方法。

　　Structural engineering. In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridge, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using computers, structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist: its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials.

　　結構工程學。在這一專業領域，土木工程師規劃設計各種類型的結構，包括橋梁，大壩，發電廠，設備支撐，海面上的特殊結構，美國太空計劃，發射塔，龐大的天文和無線電望遠鏡，以及許多其他種類的項目。結構工程師應用計算機確定一個結構必須承受的力：自重，風荷載和颶風荷載，建筑材料溫度變化引起的脹縮，以及地震荷載。他們也需確定不同種材料如鋼筋，混凝土，塑料，石頭，瀝青，磚，鋁或其他建筑材料等的復合作用。

　　Water resources engineering. Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water. Their projects help prevent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff, and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities. In addition, they design and maintain harbors, canals, and locks, build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds, help design offshore structures, and determine the location of structures affecting navigation.

　　水利工程學。土木工程師在這一領域主要處理水的物理控制方面的種種問題。他們的項目用于幫助預防洪水災害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，維護河灘及其他濱水設施。此外，他們設計和維護海港，運河與水閘，建造大型水利大壩與小型壩，以及各種類型的圍堰，幫助設計海上結構并且確定結構的位置對航行影響。

　　Geotechnical engineering. Civil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior. They evaluate and work to

　　minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. These engineers also evaluateand determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater. 巖土工程學。專業于這個領域的土木工程師對支撐結構并影響結構行為的土壤和巖石的特性進行分析。他們計算建筑和其他結構由于自重壓力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之減少到最小。他們也需計算并確定如何加強斜坡和填充物的穩定性以及如何保護結構免受地震和地下水的影響。 Environmental engineering. In this branch of engineering, civil engineers design, build and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies, both on the surface and underground. They also design, build, and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air. These engineers build water and wastewater treatment plants, and design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes, incineration, or other smoke-producing activities. They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances. In addition, the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land.

　　環境工程學。在這一工程學分支中，土木工程師設計，建造并監視系統以提供安全的飲用水，同時預防和控制地表和地下水資源供給的污染。他們也設計，建造并監視工程以控制甚至消除對土地和空氣的污染。他們建造供水和廢水處理廠，設計空氣凈化器和其他設備以最小化甚至消除由工業加工、焚化及其他產煙生產活動引起的空氣污染。他們也采用建造特殊傾倒地點或使用有毒有害物中和劑的措施來控制有毒有害廢棄物。此外，工程師還對垃圾掩埋進行設計和管理以預防其對周圍環境造成污染。

　　Transportation engineering. Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of both people and goods. They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. They work closely with urban planners, since the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system.

　　交通工程學。從事這一專業領域的土木工程師建造可以確保人和貨物安全高效運行的設施。他們專門研究各種類型運輸設施的設計和維護，如公路和街道，公共交通系統，鐵路和飛機場，港口和海港。交通工程師應用技術知識及考慮經濟，政治和社會因素來設計每一個項目。他們的工作和城市規劃者十分相似，因為交通運輸系統的質量直接關系到社區的質量。

　　Pipeline engineering. In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type of materials to be used-steel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials-installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well. 渠道工程學。在土木工程學的這一支鏈中，土木工程師建造渠道和運送從煤泥漿(混合的煤和水)和半流體廢污，到水、石油和多種類型的高度可燃和不可燃的氣體中分離出來的液體，

　　氣體和固體的相關設備。工程師決定渠道的設計，項目所處地區必須考慮到的經濟性和環境因素，以及所使用材料的類型——鋼、混凝土、塑料、或多種材料的復合 ——的安裝技術，測試渠道強度的方法，和控制所運送流體材料保持適當的壓力和流速。當流體中攜帶危險材料時，安全性因素也需要被考慮。 Construction engineering. Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, they apply both technical and managerial skills, including knowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, and operating construction projects. They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steel framework. These engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure.

　　建筑工程學。土木工程師在這個領域中從開始到結束監督項目的建筑。他們，有時被稱為項目工程師，應用技術和管理技能，包括建筑工藝，規劃，組織，財務，和操作項目建設的知識。事實上，他們協調工程中每個人的活動：測量員，布置和建造臨時道路和斜坡，開挖基礎，支模板和澆注混凝土的工人，以及鋼筋工人。這些工程師也向結構的業主提供進度計劃報告。

　　Community and urban planning. Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop community within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves far more than engineering consideration; environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of land and natural resources are also key elements. These civil engineers coordinate planning of public works along with private development. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and waste water-disposal systems, public buildings, parks, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being. 社區和城市規劃。

　　從事土木工程這一方面的工程師可能規劃和發展一個城市中的社區，或整個城市。此規劃中所包括的遠遠不僅僅為工程因素，土地的開發使用和自然資源環境的，社會的和經濟的因素也是主要的成分。這些土木工程師對公共建設工程的規劃和私人建筑的發展進行協調。他們評估所需的設施，包括街道，公路，公共運輸系統，機場，港口，給排水和污水處理系統，公共建筑，公園，和娛樂及其他設施以保證社會，經濟和環境地協調發展。

　　Photogrametry, surveying, and mapping. The civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Earth’s surface to obtain reliable information for locating and designing engineering projects. This practice often involves high-technology methods such as satellite and aerial surveying, and computer-processing of photographic imagery. Radio signal from satellites, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accurate measurements for boring tunnels, building highways and dams, plotting flood control and irrigation project, locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project, and a host of other building uses.

　　攝影測量，測量學和地圖繪制。在這一專業領域的土木工程師精確測量地球表面以獲得可靠的信息來定位和設計工程項目。這一方面包括高工藝學方法，如衛星成相，航拍，和計算機成相。來自人造衛星的無線電信號，通過激光和音波柱掃描被轉換為地圖，為隧道鉆孔，建造高速公路和大壩，繪制洪水控制和灌溉方案，定位可能影響建筑項目的地下巖石構成，以及許多其他建筑用途提供更精準的測量。

　　Other specialties. Two additional civil engineering specialties that are not entirely within the scope of civil engineering but are essential to the discipline are engineering management and engineering teaching.

　　其他的專門項目。還有兩個并不完全在土木工程范圍里面但對訓練相當重要的附加的專門項目是工程管理和工程教學。

　　Engineering management. Many civil engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management. Others are able to start their careers in management positions. The civil engineer-manager combines technical knowledge with an ability to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money. These engineers may work in government—municipal, county, state, or federal; in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as military or civilian management engineers; or in semiautonomous regional or city authorities or similar organizations. They may also manage private engineering firms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds.

　　工程管理。許多土木工程師都選擇最終通向管理的職業。其他則能讓他們的事業從管理位置開始。土木工程管理者結合技術上的知識和一種組織能力來協調勞動力，材料，機械和錢。這些工程師可能工作在政府——市政、國家、州或聯邦；在美國陸軍軍團作為軍隊或平民的管理工程師；或在半自治地區，城市主管當局或相似的組織。他們也可能管理規模為從幾個到百個雇員的私營工程公司。

　　Engineering teaching. The civil engineer who chooses a teaching career usually teaches both graduate and undergraduate students in technical specialties. Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods. Many also serve as consultants on engineering projects, or on technical boards and commissions associated with major projects. 工程教學。

　　通常選擇教學事業的土木工程師教授研究生和本科生技術上的專門項目。許多從事教學的土木工程師參與會導致建筑材料和施工方法技術革新的基礎研究。多數也擔任工程項目或技術領域的顧問，和主要項目的代理。

　　拓展知識：

　　土木工程測量作為專業的一項基本功，是我們學習土木專業學生必須很好掌握的一項技能。為了提高我們的測繪能力，能更好的把實踐和理論聯系起來，城市建設系為我們開展了為期兩個星期的工程測量實習。

　　我們的目的是小區域控制測量，用到的儀器有經緯儀，水準儀，標尺，腳架等等，更感謝學校為了使我們能更方便的測量，還為我們配備了先進的全站儀。通過這次測量，鞏固和深刻了在課堂上所學的理論知識，掌握了各種儀器的操作，并達到了一定的熟練程度。作為一個戶外的專業實習，我們有了經驗，為我們將來步入社會做好了鋪墊，更重要的是它培養了我們一種精神，吃苦耐勞，獨立自主，自己發現問題通過自己的努力去解決它，提高對繁瑣數據的運算能力。這些東西都是在平時課堂上所學不到的，但他又是那么基礎，重要，由此我又不得不想起實踐是檢驗真理的標準這句話。

　　工程測量，它是個復雜的工作，光靠一個人的力量是遠遠不夠的，所以通過這次實習我徹徹底底的明白了測量她是一個團隊的工作。我們組共有7個組員，必須發揮每個人的長處，才能使工作的效率化，我作為組長，要負責安排好每個組員的任務，定好每天的工作的計劃，還要保持和老師之間的聯系。我想每個通過實習的同學都會在這點上有深刻的印象。

　　夫妻之間，親兄弟之間難免都會吵架，我們這組人天天聚在一起，不同的意見，不同的做法，就會發生磕磕碰碰，鬧的大家不愉快，但我們能夠及時溝通了解，忘記不愉快，重新投入新的工作中。學校安排我們實習的目的是為了讓每個學生都能用自己所學到的理論知識來實際操作儀器，所以我們之間要相互學習，不懂的就問，決不是為了趕時間，趕進度。不然就算了結束了實習，作業是完成了，但學校老師對我們的目的和期望卻落在了過去的兩個星期里了。

　　在測量過程中我們程度的做到了精確，每個數據都經過檢驗，沒有上一步的驗證絕不做下一步。舉個簡單的例子吧，每次儀器在測量時都要經過對中整平，這個表面上看是一個簡單的工作，但它必須做到精確精確再精確，只要不小心稍稍動一下儀器我們就要重新這一步工作，不然就會造成數據的誤差，影響真個測量結果。還有一些很多人都會忽略的東西我們也絕不能不注意，路面上有多少個井蓋，他們之間的距離是多少，越是細小的東西越能表現出一個團隊的工作態度和能力。團結就是力量，每個早上大家早早的起床開始一天忙碌的工作，遇到問題大家一起解決，有了誤差大家一研究，分析原因，不厭其煩的反復測量，有了大家，我們的干勁十足。

　　現在回想起測量那會，我覺得那是校園里一道獨特的風景線，天天背著儀器到處跑，有次回來的時候還被同學親切的叫為專業的技師。在這里我要說說很重要的一點是，我們測量的那幾天，天氣很冷，頭兩天還下了雪，寒風中測量真不是一般的痛苦，但是我們既然選擇了這個專業，就絕沒后退的可能，摸著那冰冷的儀器，將測量進行到底。測繪是艱苦型的專業，不留汗、不吃苦是做不出成就的!這次實習也給了我們不少教訓：由于某個數據的讀錯、記錯及算錯都給我們帶來了不少麻煩，從而讓我們知道了做任何事都要認真、都要有一個嚴謹的態度，俗話說得好“態度決定一切”。一個組的團結也是至關重要的，它關系到整個組的進度。先前我們組由于配合不夠默契，分工也不夠合理，整體進度受到極大的影響，后來通過組內的交流，徹底解決了以上問題。實習進度有了很大的改觀，進度和效果自然就提上來了。

　　我很珍惜學校給我的這次機會，在大學的幾年中這樣的機會不多，如果不好好把握每一次，等將來進入社會，早上工作崗位了，我們必定會后悔。平時看到的那一張張圖紙，有時會覺得不懂，經過實習發下就你們簡單，將實物和圖紙聯系在一起，學習起這個專業來就更簡單，更上手了。總之，感謝老師，同學，我會好好記住這次難忘的經歷，它永遠是我這輩子的財富之一。

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