期末考試英語記敘文寫作指導(dǎo)

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期末考試英語記敘文寫作指導(dǎo)

  記敘文是記人敘事的文章,它主要是用于說明事件的時間、背景、起因、過程及結(jié)果,即我們通常所說的五個" W "( what, who, when, where, why )和一個" H "( how )。記敘文的重點在于"述說"和"描寫",因此一篇好的記敘文要敘述條理清楚,描寫生動形象。下面就談?wù)動⒄Z記敘文的特點和寫好記敘文的基本要領(lǐng)。

期末考試英語記敘文寫作指導(dǎo)

  期末考試英語記敘文寫作指導(dǎo) 1

  一、記敘文的特點

  1. 敘述的人稱

  英語的記敘文一般是以第一或第三人稱的角度來敘述的。用第一稱表示的是由敘述者親眼所見、親耳所聞的經(jīng)歷。它的優(yōu)點在于能把故事的情節(jié)通過"我"來傳達(dá)給讀者,使人讀后感到真實可信,如身臨其境。如:

  The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.

  用第三人稱敘述,優(yōu)點在于敘述者不受"我"活動范圍以內(nèi)的人和事物的限制,而是通過作者與讀者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情節(jié)展現(xiàn)在讀者面前,文章的客觀性很強。如:

  Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea.

  2. 動詞的時態(tài)

  在記敘文中,記和敘都離不開動詞。所以動詞出現(xiàn)率最高,且富于變化。記敘文中用得最多的是動詞的過去的,這是英語記敘文區(qū)別于漢語記敘文的關(guān)鍵之處。英語寫作的優(yōu)美之處就在于這些動詞時態(tài)的變化,正是這一點才使得所記、所敘有鮮活的動態(tài)感、鮮明的層次感和立體感。

  3. 敘述的順序

  記敘一件事要有一定的順序。無論是順敘、倒敘、插敘還是補敘,都要讓讀者能弄清事情的來龍去脈。順敘最容易操作,較容易給讀者提供有關(guān)事情的空間和時間線索。但這種方法也容易使文章顯得平鋪直敘,讀起來平淡乏味。倒敘、插敘、補敘等敘述方法能有效地提高文章的結(jié)構(gòu)效果,讓所敘之事跌宕起伏,使讀者在閱讀時思維產(chǎn)生較大的跳躍,從而為文章所吸引,深入其中。但這些方法如果使用不當(dāng),則容易弄巧成拙,使文章結(jié)構(gòu)散亂,頭緒不清,讓讀者不知所云。

  4. 敘述的過渡

  過渡在上下文中起著承上啟下、融會貫通的作用。過渡往往用在地點轉(zhuǎn)移或時間、事件轉(zhuǎn)換以及由概括說明到具體敘述時。如:

  In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.

  The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright.

  What a moving and unforgettable scene!

  5. 敘述與對話

  引用故事情節(jié)中主要人物的對話是記敘文提高表現(xiàn)力的一種好方法。適當(dāng)?shù)赜弥苯右Z代替間接的主觀敘述,可以客觀生動地反映人物的性格、品質(zhì)和心理狀態(tài),使記敘生動、有趣,使文章內(nèi)容更加充實、具體。試比較下面兩段的敘述效果:

  I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released.

  這本來應(yīng)是一段故事性很強的文字,但經(jīng)作者這么一寫,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是敘述模式,沒有人物語言,把"懸念"給沖淡了。可作如下調(diào)整:

  I was in the kitchen cooking something. "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. "Its you." I said, quite released.

  二、寫好記敘文的.基本要領(lǐng)

  1. 頭緒分明,脈絡(luò)清楚

  寫好記敘文,首先要頭緒分明,脈絡(luò)清楚,明確文章要求寫什么。要對所寫的事件或人物進(jìn)行分析,弄清事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展一直到結(jié)束的整個過程,然后再收集選取素材。這些素材都應(yīng)該跟上述五個" W "和一個" H "有關(guān)。盡管不是每篇記敘文里都必須包括這些" W "和" H ",但動筆之前,圍繞五個" W "和" H "進(jìn)行構(gòu)思是必不可少的。

  2. 突出中心,詳略得當(dāng)

  在文章的框架確定后,對支持故事的素材的選取是很關(guān)鍵的。選材要注意取舍,應(yīng)該從表現(xiàn)文章主題的需要出發(fā),分清主次,定好詳略。要突出重點,詳寫細(xì)述那些能表現(xiàn)文章主題的重要情節(jié),略寫粗述那么非關(guān)鍵的次要情節(jié)。面面俱到反而使情節(jié)羅列化,使人不得要領(lǐng)。這一點是寫好記敘文要解決的一個基本問題,也需要一定的技巧。如:

  One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children. They have not eaten for days." I took some food with me and went.

  When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破壞外貌) by hunger. There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger.

  I gave the rice to the mother. She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice. When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors - they are hungry also!"

  3. 用活語言,準(zhǔn)確生動

  記敘文要用具體的事件和生動的語言對人、事、物加以敘述。一篇好的記敘文的語言既要準(zhǔn)確、生動,又要表現(xiàn)力強,這樣才能把人、事描寫得具體生動,其可讀性才強。試比較下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。

  原文:

  One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away. He was soon lost among people and traffic. He could not find the way back home and started crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying. They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened. Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived. The two students decided to take him home. Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound. She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didnt take it. She served them with tea but they left.

  修改后:

  The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street. After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home. But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic. When he could not find the way home, he started and crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop. They immediately went up to him.

  "Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked.

  "I want Mom, I go home." said the boy, still crying.

  "Dont worry, well send you home."

  And they spent the next two hours looking for the boys house. With the help of a policeman, they finally found it.

  When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house. Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea.

  期末考試英語記敘文寫作指導(dǎo) 2

  一、初中英語寫作的重要性

  英語新課標(biāo)要求初中生的英語寫作達(dá)到五級能力水平,即:能運用詞匯描述事物行為和特征,說明概念等;能根據(jù)要求寫簡單的書信,便條,通知等;能按要求轉(zhuǎn)述所聽、所讀的內(nèi)容;能為圖片提供簡單的文字說明,并能表達(dá)自己的觀點。

  英語書面表達(dá)能反映學(xué)生的英語基礎(chǔ)知識是否扎實,能否靈活運用英語來表達(dá),體現(xiàn)了初中生綜合運用英語的能力,反映出初中生的英語水平。學(xué)生要提高英語寫作水平,寫出合乎英語思維的文章,老師要如何做,如何指導(dǎo)呢?

  二、學(xué)生在書面表達(dá)中普遍存在的問題

  筆者在所任教班級的英語教學(xué)過程了歸納了學(xué)生寫作時常犯的一些錯誤,主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:

  (一)中文式英語

  由于受到母語干擾,學(xué)生在寫作中會出現(xiàn)句型語序錯誤和漢語式的英語。最大的問題之一就是詞對詞翻譯。學(xué)生因為沒有理解和掌握單詞或短語的真實含義和用法,在寫作時很容易出現(xiàn)按中文字面含義找對等的英文單詞,并且按漢語的思維和表達(dá)習(xí)慣去寫英語的錯誤。這樣的例子有很多,如:表述“網(wǎng)上購物很方便”時,學(xué)生這樣寫We are convenient to do some shopping on the internet.是錯誤的(正確的是Its convenient for us to do some shopping on the Internet.)

  (二)由基礎(chǔ)知識和英語應(yīng)用能力的限制所造成的問題

  (1)單詞拼寫錯誤。如:把difference寫成diference;happily被寫成happyly等等。這種錯誤在學(xué)生寫作中存在的范圍比較廣,產(chǎn)生的原因是學(xué)生在記單詞的時候不動腦子,死記硬背。

  (2)學(xué)生在英語寫作中出現(xiàn)最多的'是語法錯誤,主要有以下幾種:

  1. 詞類的混用。如形容詞和副詞的混用,人稱代詞的主格與賓格的混用,動詞和名詞的混用,定冠詞和不定冠詞的混用,形容詞性物主代詞和詞性物主代詞的混用等。如:We careful listened to the teacher in class.(正確的為副詞carefully);He had some difficult learning Chinese. (正確的為名詞difficulty)。

  2. 動詞時態(tài),語態(tài),語氣等結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤;非謂語動詞的用法辨析不清。如:Our environment is polluting seriously(語態(tài)錯誤)等。

  3. 搭配錯誤。如: I spent many hours to prepare for the Math test; I like play the piano,其他如:under the help of;see a book;eat the medicine 等。

  4. 名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、動詞單復(fù)數(shù)、主謂語不一致。Mary with her parents have gone to America. have應(yīng)該改為has。

  (三)內(nèi)容不連貫,銜接生硬;不會用關(guān)聯(lián)詞,語序混亂。無統(tǒng)籌安排。寫到哪里,就停在哪里。

  (四)書寫混亂,卷面潦草。大小寫、標(biāo)點符號錯誤,缺少冠詞。

  三、具體策略與措施

  (一)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的基本語法知識教

  幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)掌握初中九大詞類及其用法;掌握最基本的句子成分,會對英語句子進(jìn)行成分分析;能正確地運用英語中最基本的八種時態(tài);掌握初中最基本的五種句子類型:簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句、狀語從句、賓語從句等。

  (二)抓好背誦,積累素材,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生形成正確的語感

  “熟讀唐詩三百首,不會做詩也會吟。”英語也是如此。背誦能培養(yǎng)學(xué)生形成正確的語感,有利于他們養(yǎng)成自然流利而正確的表達(dá)。一些重要的文段、實用性強的范文如每個單元中Section B的3a就是很好的寫作范文,應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生背誦,記住一些重要短語、諺語,并堅持聽寫重點單詞,短語和重點句式。

  (三)重視口頭作文訓(xùn)練

  通常采取以下方式:小組討論,回答問題,敘述事實,讓學(xué)生根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞復(fù)述文章,讓學(xué)生回顧上節(jié)課的主要內(nèi)容,讓學(xué)生暢談這節(jié)課中學(xué)到了什么等,緊緊圍繞課文內(nèi)容對學(xué)生進(jìn)行口頭訓(xùn)練。

  (四)鼓勵學(xué)生閱讀英語課外讀物

  在平時的學(xué)習(xí)中可以要求學(xué)生閱讀適合初中生的一些簡單易懂的英語課外讀物,多做英語短文的閱讀理解,慢慢自然養(yǎng)成用英語思維的習(xí)慣,在進(jìn)行英語寫作中,就能避免寫出中國式的英語,達(dá)到“入鄉(xiāng)隨俗”的效果。

  (五)教學(xué)過程中有意識培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的寫作能力

  首先,教師在教學(xué)中應(yīng)注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生扎實的語言基本功,要求學(xué)生務(wù)必掌握學(xué)過的詞匯和語法。一個不記詞匯,不懂得英語語法的學(xué)生是不可能用完整的語言來表達(dá)自己的思想的。其次,教師還應(yīng)充分利用教材section B中的3a,抓住有利時機指導(dǎo)模仿寫作,這也是一項很好的培養(yǎng)學(xué)生寫作能力的訓(xùn)練。

  (六)教給學(xué)生正確的寫作方法

  把正確的寫作方法灌輸給學(xué)生,他們碰到任何寫作題時才能不慌陣腳。以下是七步法。

  第一步、細(xì)心審題 細(xì)讀題中每一項提示或觀察每一幅畫,弄清題意,確定寫作體裁和要點。

  第二步、理順要點 標(biāo)出要點,按事件先后順序或各要點之間內(nèi)在聯(lián)系排序,分出層次。

  第三步、構(gòu)成框架 將理順的要點或每幅圖畫的含義加以連貫,構(gòu)成寫作的整體框架,進(jìn)一步定人稱、定時態(tài)語態(tài)、定開頭結(jié)尾。

  第四步、組織句子 用自己最熟悉的短語或句型將理順的要點逐句表達(dá)出來,多用簡單句,用有把握的復(fù)合句。遇到表達(dá)障礙,換一種說法,將一句變成兩、三句。

  第五步、串句成篇 將寫好的句子連貫地組織起來,適當(dāng)采用遞進(jìn)、讓步、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等關(guān)聯(lián)詞語,使短文層次分明,過渡自然。

  第六步、檢查修改 注意人稱、大小寫、拼寫有無錯誤,要點有無遺漏,文句有無語病,詞數(shù)是否恰當(dāng),行文是否連貫。

  老師幫助學(xué)生找到他們各自存在的問題,有針對性的使用文中提到的措施去指導(dǎo),學(xué)生加以配合,按照老師提出的要求去做,提高寫作水平是容易實現(xiàn)的。

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